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Distribution of this document is unlimited. Comments are welcome at H.C.Davis@ecs.soton.ac.uk. For discussions about the protocol as well as Open Hypermedia Systems in general see also the OHS Mailing List and the OHS Working Group Home Page.",{"_37":482,"_39":483,"_41":245,"_43":484,"_67":487,"_69":488,"_71":70},"Heading","1Zv9pRDy",{"_485":486},"childrenType","Group",[],"Status of this Document",{"_33":490,"_35":498},[491],{"_33":492,"_35":493},[],{"_37":161,"_39":494,"_41":245,"_43":495,"_67":496,"_69":497,"_71":70},"Zg3ePcux",{},[],"This section should give a management summary and overview. What is the motivation behind OHP? What would be the benefits if OHP would be supported by tools? (viewer independent of linkservice, link editing possible, ...) 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For the remainder of this contribution we will only use the terms Viewer and LinkService for these components.",{"_33":538,"_35":539},[],{"_37":161,"_39":540,"_41":245,"_43":541,"_67":542,"_69":543,"_71":70},"NiKDc_wr",{},[],"In this paper we are concerned with enabling applications to make them link service aware, so that users may have access to the full range of hypermedia functionality from their standard desktop environment. Many of the current generation of hypermedia systems such as DHM (Grønbæk & Trigg, 1992) HyperDisco (Wiil, 1996), Microcosm (Davis et al., 1994), Multicard (Rizk & Sauter, 1992) and the Texas A&M system prototypes (e.g. Kacmar & Leggett, 1991) have addressed this problem, but so far no standard has emerged due to the different hypertext data models and communication protocols adopted by these systems.",{"_33":545,"_35":546},[],{"_37":161,"_39":547,"_41":245,"_43":548,"_67":549,"_69":550,"_71":70},"9R4-aDDa",{},[],"For the definition of the protocol we additionally make some assumptions on the architecture. Note however, that we are not aiming and not claiming for fully defining a reference architecture. The general picture we have in mind when defining OHP is as follows:",{"_33":552,"_35":553},[],{"_37":554,"_39":555,"_41":245,"_43":556,"_67":557,"_69":558,"_71":559},"Image","Xlbh4XN8",{"_485":486},[],"Fig.: Components and Layers in OHP Definition","ipfs://bafkreih7jzzwm3ki5astug5rimimh6jy37izxadjh7gaxxsnnvktchs7di",{"_33":561,"_35":562},[],{"_37":161,"_39":563,"_41":245,"_43":564,"_67":565,"_69":576,"_71":70},"q6Xdmi3F",{},[566],{"_37":526,"_450":567,"_453":571,"_43":575,"_71":70},[568,569,570],80,274,291,[572,573,574],87,286,300,{},"In defining OHP we abstracted in different layers. On the top-level a so-called Viewer talks OHP to another component which is only interesting from an OHP point of view in that this component understands and answers OHP requests. Typically though this component would be a LinkService or a HyperBase.",{"_33":578,"_35":579},[],{"_37":161,"_39":580,"_41":245,"_43":581,"_67":582,"_69":589,"_71":70},"7U9dsRnk",{},[583],{"_37":526,"_450":584,"_453":586,"_43":588,"_71":70},[585],206,[587],221,{},"OHP abstracts from the communication layer. However, there has to be a component that establishes connections, that 'knows' how to talk to other services and viewers, and the more. We call this component a SessionManager and it could be described as an intermediate component between LinkService and Viewer. For the definition of OHP we assume that both Viewer and LinkService exchange OHP messages via the SessionManager, the actual communication though is not part of OHP.",{"_33":591,"_35":592},[],{"_37":161,"_39":593,"_41":245,"_43":594,"_67":595,"_69":604,"_71":70},"0ytvTdvJ",{},[596],{"_37":526,"_450":597,"_453":600,"_43":603,"_71":70},[598,599],95,443,[601,602],122,450,{},"Besides the components Viewer, LinkService and SessionManager there is a fourth component, the Document Management System (DMS). We are convinced that an additional protocol - a document management procotocol (DMP) - should allow standardised communication to document management systems. The Open Document Management API (Open Document Management, 1997) could serve as a good example and some of the concepts in OHP, e.g. the definition of a NodeId as a unique document identifier, follow this proposal.",{"_37":482,"_39":606,"_41":607,"_43":608,"_67":609,"_69":610,"_71":70},"W35eityG","bafy2bzaceaimazzdifw7xyhsjnce5bwn2a2lxrvhipfyrlgsx5wmgjba25owu",{"_485":486},[],"4. Introduction",{"_33":612,"_35":683},[613,627],{"_33":614,"_35":622},[615],{"_33":616,"_35":617},[],{"_37":161,"_39":618,"_41":245,"_43":619,"_67":620,"_69":621,"_71":70},"KJCwLCuI",{},[],"OHP is a peer to peer asynchronous protocol. Messages may be sent by either the LinkService or by the Viewer. If a reply is expected, it is up to the receiving component to initiate a new message. There are thus two main classes of messages to be considered; those sent by the Viewer and those sent by the LinkService.",{"_37":482,"_39":623,"_41":245,"_43":624,"_67":625,"_69":626,"_71":70},"uZuoKZII",{"_485":486},[],"5.1 General Form",{"_33":628,"_35":678},[629,636,643,650,657,664,671],{"_33":630,"_35":631},[],{"_37":161,"_39":632,"_41":245,"_43":633,"_67":634,"_69":635,"_71":70},"GOwHSYvv",{},[],"For actually defining the mechanics of OHP we will follow a Backus-Naur Form (BNF) as is for instance done in Internet drafts. We use the following constructs:",{"_33":637,"_35":638},[],{"_37":161,"_39":639,"_41":245,"_43":640,"_67":641,"_69":642,"_71":70},"yGjm52Mj",{},[],"name = definition: The name of a rule is simply the name itself and is separated from its definition by the equal \"=\" character.\n\"literal\": defines a literal. Definition is case sensitive.\n{elem1 | elem2}: a \"|\" can be used to define either/or alternatives.",{"_33":644,"_35":645},[],{"_37":161,"_39":646,"_41":245,"_43":647,"_67":648,"_69":649,"_71":70},"6Jfl-S5P",{},[],"{elem}*: A \"*\" indicates repetition, i.e. there can be any number of occurrences.\n{elem}+: A \"+\" indicates that one or more elements have to be present, i.e. there has to be at least one element.\n[elem]: Square brackets enclose optional elements.\n: Angle brackets enclose basic types that are not specified in more detail but can be dealt with by the receiving/sending components.",{"_33":651,"_35":652},[],{"_37":161,"_39":653,"_41":245,"_43":654,"_67":655,"_69":656,"_71":70},"ie1Lvb-h",{},[],"Additionally we assume the following rules (the US-ASCII coded character set is defined by ANSI X3.4- 1986):",{"_33":658,"_35":659},[],{"_37":161,"_39":660,"_41":245,"_43":661,"_67":662,"_69":663,"_71":70},"hercYcQY",{},[],"CHAR = US-ASCII character (octets 0 - 127)\nUPALPHA = any US-ASCII uppercase letter \"A\"..\"Z\"\nLOALPHA = any US-ASCII lowercase letter \"a\"..\"z\"\nALPHA = UPALPHA | LOALPHA\nDIGIT = any US-ASCII digit \"0\"..\"9\"\nCTL = any US-ASCII control character (octets 0 - 31) and DEL (127) CR = US-ASCII CR, carriage return (13)\nLF = US-ASCII LF, linefeed (10)\nSP = US-ASCII SP, space (32)",{"_33":665,"_35":666},[],{"_37":161,"_39":667,"_41":245,"_43":668,"_67":669,"_69":670,"_71":70},"qo5akUzo",{},[],"OHP messages will consist of text strings (CHAR). In the following sections the messages are shown formatted on multiple lines for ease of presentation. However, the messages themselves will be one continuous stream of ASCII text, unbroken by line feeds (LF). The messages consist of Tags, which are proceeded by a backslash ('\\') and succeeded by a white space (SP). The characters that follow, up to the next tag or the end of the message are the tag contents. A tag content may be empty if shown as optional in the message definition. The tags of each message are all compulsory, and must be presented in the order of the message definition. If a backslash ('\\') occurs within the tag content, then it should be quoted by preceding it with a further backslash.",{"_33":672,"_35":673},[],{"_37":161,"_39":674,"_41":245,"_43":675,"_67":676,"_69":677,"_71":70},"M83RmpNI",{},[],"We can now begin to define the protocol.",{"_37":482,"_39":679,"_41":245,"_43":680,"_67":681,"_69":682,"_71":70},"zbuQ8w_-",{"_485":486},[],"5.2 Notational Conventions and Generic Grammar",{"_37":482,"_39":684,"_41":245,"_43":685,"_67":686,"_69":687,"_71":70},"DY3XRv8Z",{"_485":486},[],"5. Form of the Protocol",{"_33":689,"_35":1837},[690,761,811,1523,1754],{"_33":691,"_35":756},[692,699,706,715,722,729,736,743],{"_33":693,"_35":694},[],{"_37":161,"_39":695,"_41":245,"_43":696,"_67":697,"_69":698,"_71":70},"__YPR-8R",{},[],"As opposed to the previous draft of OHP (Davis et al., 1996), which define a Channel as an identifier for messages, we have defined a dedicated message header (see Thread \"Channels in OHP\"). As already mentioned above, OHP abstracts from the communication layer so the header does not include any host or port or other communication specific information.",{"_33":700,"_35":701},[],{"_37":161,"_39":702,"_41":245,"_43":703,"_67":704,"_69":705,"_71":70},"2ObolEcf",{},[],"The OHP message header is defined as",{"_33":707,"_35":708},[],{"_37":709,"_39":710,"_41":245,"_43":711,"_67":713,"_69":714,"_71":70},"Code","iglg_-0L",{"_712":70},"language",[],"MessHeader = \\MessId the OHP Id and version number\n \\Subject name of this message\n",{"_33":716,"_35":717},[],{"_37":161,"_39":718,"_41":245,"_43":719,"_67":720,"_69":721,"_71":70},"c4l8SJPU",{},[],"MessId uniquely identifies this type of message and gives OHP version information. The subject field is considered to be particularely helpful in case a component can not understand a message; it could then at least provide additional information about the message.",{"_33":723,"_35":724},[],{"_37":161,"_39":725,"_41":245,"_43":726,"_67":727,"_69":728,"_71":70},"Bkp_I0A-",{},[],"Besides basic header information there are two more fields that will be present in almost all messages but that do not have to be understood by the LinkService. These fields are",{"_33":730,"_35":731},[],{"_37":709,"_39":732,"_41":245,"_43":733,"_67":734,"_69":735,"_71":70},"DmouUDKL",{"_712":70},[],"\\SessionId a byte string that can be used for uniquely identifying\n messages and deal with transaction management\n",{"_33":737,"_35":738},[],{"_37":709,"_39":739,"_41":245,"_43":740,"_67":741,"_69":742,"_71":70},"2brspFC6",{"_712":70},[],"\\UserId a byte string that can be used for identifying a user\n",{"_33":744,"_35":745},[],{"_37":161,"_39":746,"_41":245,"_43":747,"_67":748,"_69":755,"_71":70},"Y4DPyli5",{},[749],{"_37":526,"_450":750,"_453":752,"_43":754,"_71":70},[751],167,[753],173,{},"As mentioned above, the actual managing of documents is a crucial issue. Within OHP, documents are therfore not dealt with directly but are called by a reference, the NodeId. A NodeId has to be unique within a given usage scenario. However, from a protocol perspective the NodeId is opaque.",{"_37":482,"_39":757,"_41":245,"_43":758,"_67":759,"_69":760,"_71":70},"aNUXkyG0",{"_485":486},[],"6.1 Message Header",{"_33":762,"_35":806},[763,770,799],{"_33":764,"_35":765},[],{"_37":161,"_39":766,"_41":245,"_43":767,"_67":768,"_69":769,"_71":70},"jqMeAPR6",{},[],"The abstraction from communication information within the OHP header requires a number of assumptions about the underlying components' functionality. The main component both LinkService and Viewer will be talking to is the so-called \"SessionManager\". Note that there is a manifold of different terms for this component: in the previous draft of OHP it has been called \"Communication Protocol Shim\" (Davis et al., 1996), (Goose et al., 1997) call it \"Runtime\", (Wiil and Leggett, 1996) call it \"Tool integrator\"; all approaches have in common that they require a component at the client's side managing different OHP sessions. That's why we use the term SessionManager.",{"_33":771,"_35":793},[772,779,786],{"_33":773,"_35":774},[],{"_37":161,"_39":775,"_41":245,"_43":776,"_67":777,"_69":778,"_71":70},"HOv08E0l",{},[],"Establishing of connections to the LinkServices the user wants to connect; transfering and receiving of OHP messages;",{"_33":780,"_35":781},[],{"_37":161,"_39":782,"_41":245,"_43":783,"_67":784,"_69":785,"_71":70},"C_ZpoFlz",{},[],"Loading of documents if asked to by the LaunchDocument message; the parameter given is of type NodeId.",{"_33":787,"_35":788},[],{"_37":161,"_39":789,"_41":245,"_43":790,"_67":791,"_69":792,"_71":70},"E90Z2CNE",{},[],"Providing of document management functions in the absence of a document management system. The SessionManager should then do tasks such as providing attribute access functions for a given document (its NickName, Type, Preferred Viewer etc.). ",{"_37":161,"_39":794,"_41":245,"_43":795,"_67":797,"_69":798,"_71":70},"XY8HXIvO",{"_485":796},"Ordered",[],"This is the basic functionality and behaviour we are assuming a SessionManager component to have:",{"_33":800,"_35":801},[],{"_37":161,"_39":802,"_41":245,"_43":803,"_67":804,"_69":805,"_71":70},"oDedjJ4O",{},[],"Additionally, as creation of links between node in different application windows is a crucial issue, also this functionality could be part of the SessionManager. Issues such as joining n to m anchors, defining direction, scope etc. would probably be best implemented just once in the Session Manager. This means that the SessionManager not in some implementations might not only be a process but also have a user interface component available to all applications on a user's desktop.",{"_37":482,"_39":807,"_41":245,"_43":808,"_67":809,"_69":810,"_71":70},"ZYLUIKY6",{"_485":486},[],"6.2 Responsibilities of Session Manager",{"_33":812,"_35":1518},[813,823,873,922,929,936,949,956,968,975,982,989,1017,1024,1031,1043,1050,1057,1064,1071,1078,1085,1092,1104,1125,1132,1139,1146,1153,1165,1172,1179,1186,1193,1200,1207,1219,1226,1233,1245,1252,1259,1270,1277,1284,1295,1302,1309,1316,1323,1330,1337,1349,1356,1363,1374,1381,1388,1435,1460,1485,1492],{"_33":814,"_35":815},[],{"_37":554,"_39":816,"_41":245,"_43":817,"_67":820,"_69":821,"_71":822},"DftirzAK",{"_485":486,"_818":819},"width",601.4423076923077,[],"Tab.: Message Requests by Viewer and Answers by LinkService","ipfs://bafkreihvczqllcwg35r3oo4etug32fhrwfjoha35533sb2fbnapq6ar5xi",{"_33":824,"_35":867},[825,832,839,846,853,860],{"_33":826,"_35":827},[],{"_37":161,"_39":828,"_41":245,"_43":829,"_67":830,"_69":831,"_71":70},"Al-TzK2M",{},[],"RequestService",{"_33":833,"_35":834},[],{"_37":161,"_39":835,"_41":245,"_43":836,"_67":837,"_69":838,"_71":70},"E9QU1_-3",{},[],"ClosingNode",{"_33":840,"_35":841},[],{"_37":161,"_39":842,"_41":245,"_43":843,"_67":844,"_69":845,"_71":70},"n0DlHdEP",{},[],"UpdateAnchors",{"_33":847,"_35":848},[],{"_37":161,"_39":849,"_41":245,"_43":850,"_67":851,"_69":852,"_71":70},"ldBjJKeX",{},[],"UpdateNode",{"_33":854,"_35":855},[],{"_37":161,"_39":856,"_41":245,"_43":857,"_67":858,"_69":859,"_71":70},"wXkiaOPX",{},[],"CreateLink",{"_33":861,"_35":862},[],{"_37":161,"_39":863,"_41":245,"_43":864,"_67":865,"_69":866,"_71":70},"VzRLCAfI",{},[],"CreateNode",{"_37":161,"_39":868,"_41":245,"_43":869,"_67":871,"_69":872,"_71":70},"dCFNG3Tp",{"_485":870},"Unordered",[],"Additionally, the Viewer might send the following messages:",{"_33":874,"_35":917},[875,882,889,896,903,910],{"_33":876,"_35":877},[],{"_37":161,"_39":878,"_41":245,"_43":879,"_67":880,"_69":881,"_71":70},"-z0P6KgH",{},[],"LaunchDocument",{"_33":883,"_35":884},[],{"_37":161,"_39":885,"_41":245,"_43":886,"_67":887,"_69":888,"_71":70},"eLpwq2AW",{},[],"DisplayAnchor",{"_33":890,"_35":891},[],{"_37":161,"_39":892,"_41":245,"_43":893,"_67":894,"_69":895,"_71":70},"mlHoF69B",{},[],"DisplayLocSpec",{"_33":897,"_35":898},[],{"_37":161,"_39":899,"_41":245,"_43":900,"_67":901,"_69":902,"_71":70},"_YVP2R3G",{},[],"Interpret",{"_33":904,"_35":905},[],{"_37":161,"_39":906,"_41":245,"_43":907,"_67":908,"_69":909,"_71":70},"Qz0G3GqF",{},[],"NewAnchor",{"_33":911,"_35":912},[],{"_37":161,"_39":913,"_41":245,"_43":914,"_67":915,"_69":916,"_71":70},"dyQJFmG5",{},[],"CloseNode",{"_37":161,"_39":918,"_41":245,"_43":919,"_67":920,"_69":921,"_71":70},"eD-4lQHT",{"_485":870},[],"The LinkService might send the following messages to the Viewer",{"_33":923,"_35":924},[],{"_37":161,"_39":925,"_41":245,"_43":926,"_67":927,"_69":928,"_71":70},"LHz2UZEa",{},[],"All, Viewer, LinkService as well as other components speaking OHP can send an error message.",{"_33":930,"_35":931},[],{"_37":161,"_39":932,"_41":245,"_43":933,"_67":934,"_69":935,"_71":70},"MSNBn7dD",{},[],"We will now present the messages in detail and also give examples or additional comments where necessary to understand the semantics of the protocol.",{"_33":937,"_35":938},[],{"_37":161,"_39":939,"_41":245,"_43":940,"_67":941,"_69":948,"_71":70},"9txblX-L",{},[942],{"_37":943,"_450":944,"_453":945,"_43":947,"_71":70},"Bold",[138],[946],35,{},"Message Pair \"GetServices/Services\"",{"_33":950,"_35":951},[],{"_37":161,"_39":952,"_41":245,"_43":953,"_67":954,"_69":955,"_71":70},"Xbw6TqEq",{},[],"The \"GetServices\" message is to be sent from Viewer to LinkService in order to know which services are available. The LinkService has to answer this request by a \"Services\" message. Services are defined by a description and a service name.",{"_33":957,"_35":958},[],{"_37":161,"_39":959,"_41":245,"_43":960,"_67":961,"_69":967,"_71":70},"HexKkp0u",{},[962],{"_37":526,"_450":963,"_453":964,"_43":966,"_71":70},[138],[965],402,{},"Note the naming of message IDs in OHP: \"MV\" is short for \"message from viewer\", the second token gives the name of the message and the last two tokens define that the message class this message belongs to is OHP and give version information. Equally, service originated messages start with \"MS\", short for \"message from service\". Messages that can be originated by any of the components start with \"M\".",{"_33":969,"_35":970},[],{"_37":709,"_39":971,"_41":245,"_43":972,"_67":973,"_69":974,"_71":70},"63Nft9kV",{"_712":70},[],"\\MessId MV_GetServices_OHP_1.0\n\\Subject \"GetServices\"\n\\SessionId \n\\UserId \n",{"_33":976,"_35":977},[],{"_37":161,"_39":978,"_41":245,"_43":979,"_67":980,"_69":981,"_71":70},"s1Ej0tAZ",{},[],"The linkservice will reply with",{"_33":983,"_35":984},[],{"_37":709,"_39":985,"_41":245,"_43":986,"_67":987,"_69":988,"_71":70},"jtQrzjLo",{"_712":70},[],"\n\\MessId MS_Services_OHP_1.0\n\\Subject \"Services\"\n\\Data\n {\\Service the name of the service\n \\Description a description of the service in the\n local language}+\n\\SessionId \n\\UserId \n",{"_33":990,"_35":1012},[991,998,1005],{"_33":992,"_35":993},[],{"_37":161,"_39":994,"_41":245,"_43":995,"_67":996,"_69":997,"_71":70},"nOTxxuJs",{},[],"FollowLink",{"_33":999,"_35":1000},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1001,"_41":245,"_43":1002,"_67":1003,"_69":1004,"_71":70},"VIwN4S3i",{},[],"MakeAnchor - which must also add the service for the anchor ",{"_33":1006,"_35":1007},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1008,"_41":245,"_43":1009,"_67":1010,"_69":1011,"_71":70},"zm6FNx7t",{},[],"DeleteAnchor",{"_37":161,"_39":1013,"_41":245,"_43":1014,"_67":1015,"_69":1016,"_71":70},"pcJPub5S",{"_485":870},[],"We have identified a number of default services that each LinkService supporting OHP has to provide. These services include",{"_33":1018,"_35":1019},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1020,"_41":245,"_43":1021,"_67":1022,"_69":1023,"_71":70},"6S1rBcJd",{},[],"Any of these services may be requested by a \"RequestService\" message, for instance",{"_33":1025,"_35":1026},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1027,"_41":245,"_43":1028,"_67":1029,"_69":1030,"_71":70},"N5yypQGE",{"_712":70},[],"\\MessId MS_RequestService_OHP_1.0\n\\Subject \"RequestService\"\n\\Service \"FollowLink\"\n\\AnchorId 152.78.115.213:D:999\n\\LocSpec {\\ContentType ASCII\n \\Content \"OHS Home Page\" \\LocType \"NameLoc\"\n \\NodeId 152.78.115.213:E:3334}\n\\Presentation\n\\SessionId 33\n\\UserId Hugh\n",{"_33":1032,"_35":1033},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1034,"_41":245,"_43":1035,"_67":1036,"_69":1042,"_71":70},"YcsEWwgd",{},[1037],{"_37":943,"_450":1038,"_453":1039,"_43":1041,"_71":70},[138],[1040],31,{},"Message Pair \"GetNodeId/NodeId\"",{"_33":1044,"_35":1045},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1046,"_41":245,"_43":1047,"_67":1048,"_69":1049,"_71":70},"RaD49SwR",{},[],"OHP does not actually deal with the documents being involved in an OHP session; it uses references to documents instead. However, in many situations it might be useful to get a document identifier given the name of a document or any of its attributed. For this purpose the message pair \"GetNodeId / NodeId\" is introduced.",{"_33":1051,"_35":1052},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1053,"_41":245,"_43":1054,"_67":1055,"_69":1056,"_71":70},"y-EAdz7E",{"_712":70},[],"\\MessId MV_GetNodeId_OHP_1.0\n\\Subject \"GetNodeId\"\n\\DocumentName the name of the document\n\\DocumentAttributes\n {\\name the attribute's name\n \\value its value}*\n\\SessionId \n\\UserId ",{"_33":1058,"_35":1059},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1060,"_41":245,"_43":1061,"_67":1062,"_69":1063,"_71":70},"Sdz8IrKr",{},[],"The LinkServer will answer this request with",{"_33":1065,"_35":1066},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1067,"_41":245,"_43":1068,"_67":1069,"_69":1070,"_71":70},"ayCTb1Xk",{"_712":70},[],"\\MessId MS_NodeId_OHP_1.0\n\\Subject \"NodeId\"\n[\\NodeId NodeId | \\result a result message string]\n\\SessionId \n\\UserId \n",{"_33":1072,"_35":1073},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1074,"_41":245,"_43":1075,"_67":1076,"_69":1077,"_71":70},"QivueXer",{},[],"If there is no NodeId for the given document name and attributes then the document is either currently unknown to the LinkService or it is unavailable (it could for instance be locked). The LinkService specifies this in the result tag. It is the responsibility of the SessionManager to register this node or pass the error on to the user. In case it wants to reister a new node the SessionManager would send",{"_33":1079,"_35":1080},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1081,"_41":245,"_43":1082,"_67":1083,"_69":1084,"_71":70},"qxJNuXlT",{"_712":70},[],"\\MessId MV_CreateNode_OHP_1.0\n\\Subject \"CreateNode\"\n\\DocumentName the name of the document\n\\DocumentAttributes\n {\\name the attribute's name\n \\value its value}*\n\\SessionId \n\\UserId ",{"_33":1086,"_35":1087},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1088,"_41":245,"_43":1089,"_67":1090,"_69":1091,"_71":70},"RyIoZRqp",{},[],"The LinkServer will eventually send back a NodeId message (see above).",{"_33":1093,"_35":1094},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1095,"_41":245,"_43":1096,"_67":1097,"_69":1103,"_71":70},"qsJ-Qlx1",{},[1098],{"_37":943,"_450":1099,"_453":1100,"_43":1102,"_71":70},[138],[1101],41,{},"Message Pair \"GetAnchorTable/AnchorTable\"",{"_33":1105,"_35":1120},[1106,1113],{"_33":1107,"_35":1108},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1109,"_41":245,"_43":1110,"_67":1111,"_69":1112,"_71":70},"eAY-GLd-",{},[],"a. What services it may offer (see above)",{"_33":1114,"_35":1115},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1116,"_41":245,"_43":1117,"_67":1118,"_69":1119,"_71":70},"Dmw5uy_C",{},[],"b. What anchors to display in the current document",{"_37":161,"_39":1121,"_41":245,"_43":1122,"_67":1123,"_69":1124,"_71":70},"q8IwcNsY",{"_485":486},[],"Now that we have the document itself and an appropriate application for the document, the application needs to know",{"_33":1126,"_35":1127},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1128,"_41":245,"_43":1129,"_67":1130,"_69":1131,"_71":70},"LmL7OKPO",{},[],"In order to get the anchors for a given document (represented by its NodeId) the GetAnchorTable message is used. Note that the message is asynchronous, and that it should result in one or more AnchorTable messages, e.g. if a distributed LinkService came up with separate answers. The application should be capable of concatenating the tables.",{"_33":1133,"_35":1134},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1135,"_41":245,"_43":1136,"_67":1137,"_69":1138,"_71":70},"yD-J0LWG",{"_712":70},[],"\\MessId MV_GetAnchorTable_OHP_1.0\n\\Subject \"GetAnchorTable\"\n\\NodeId \n\\SessionId \n\\UserId \n",{"_33":1140,"_35":1141},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1142,"_41":245,"_43":1143,"_67":1144,"_69":1145,"_71":70},"NZWdjssj",{},[],"The LinkService should answer this with the \"AnchorTable\" message.",{"_33":1147,"_35":1148},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1149,"_41":245,"_43":1150,"_67":1151,"_69":1152,"_71":70},"-dA-TEJb",{"_712":70},[],"\\MessId MS_AnchorTable_OHP_1.0\n\\Subject \"AnchorTable\"\n\\NodeId \n\\Data {\\AnchorId \\LocSpec\n \\Direction {\"AtoB\" | \"bidirectional\"} \\Presentation \\Service}+\n\\SessionId \n\\UserId \n",{"_33":1154,"_35":1155},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1156,"_41":245,"_43":1157,"_67":1158,"_69":1164,"_71":70},"FkmJcE3U",{},[1159],{"_37":943,"_450":1160,"_453":1161,"_43":1163,"_71":70},[138],[1162],34,{},"Message Pair \"CreateLinkId/LinkId\"",{"_33":1166,"_35":1167},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1168,"_41":245,"_43":1169,"_67":1170,"_69":1171,"_71":70},"p3qSDiLF",{},[],"This message is sent by the Viewer - it could also be sent by the SessionManager's user interface component - when a user creates a link. OHP allows any number of incoming and outging anchor ids; a link at least has a direction and a name. The CreateLinkId message should be answered by the LinkService with a LinkId message (see below). If the creation of the link has not been successful for any reason a result tag instead of a LinkId should be answered.",{"_33":1173,"_35":1174},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1175,"_41":245,"_43":1176,"_67":1177,"_69":1178,"_71":70},"J7LgI-Q-",{"_712":70},[],"\\MessId MV_CreateLinkId_OHP_1.0\n\\Subject \"CreateLinkId\"\n\\AAnchors {\\AnchorId }+\n\\BAnchors {\\AnchorId }+\n\\Direction {\"AtoB\" | \"bidirectional\"}\n\\Description textual description of the link\n\\SessionId \n\\UserId \n",{"_33":1180,"_35":1181},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1182,"_41":245,"_43":1183,"_67":1184,"_69":1185,"_71":70},"JPoQclE-",{},[],"The LinkServer's answer",{"_33":1187,"_35":1188},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1189,"_41":245,"_43":1190,"_67":1191,"_69":1192,"_71":70},"bq0jU9gU",{"_712":70},[],"\\MessId MS_LinkId_OHP_1.0\n\\Subject \"LinkId\"\n[\\LinkId LinkId | \\result a result message string]\n\\SessionId \n\\UserId \n",{"_33":1194,"_35":1195},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1196,"_41":245,"_43":1197,"_67":1198,"_69":1199,"_71":70},"200yI5Xg",{},[],"Delete as well as update link messages are omitted as those are supposed to be done at the LinkService. It",{"_33":1201,"_35":1202},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1203,"_41":245,"_43":1204,"_67":1205,"_69":1206,"_71":70},"ojfgEuk0",{},[],"is not clear that there is a simple interface to this function which could be provided at the client end.",{"_33":1208,"_35":1209},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1210,"_41":245,"_43":1211,"_67":1212,"_69":1218,"_71":70},"8GpLRnDJ",{},[1213],{"_37":943,"_450":1214,"_453":1215,"_43":1217,"_71":70},[138],[1216],24,{},"Message \"RequestService\"",{"_33":1220,"_35":1221},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1222,"_41":245,"_43":1223,"_67":1224,"_69":1225,"_71":70},"Tk5flQtm",{},[],"The RequestService message is a very general message that can be used by the Viewer to request a LinkService to do one of its services. The available services can be retrieved by the GetServices message.",{"_33":1227,"_35":1228},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1229,"_41":245,"_43":1230,"_67":1231,"_69":1232,"_71":70},"3UXb5HBQ",{"_712":70},[],"\\MessId MV_RequestService_OHP_1.0\n\\Subject \"RequestService\"\n\\Service name of the service\n\\AnchorId \n\\LocSpec\n\\Presentation\n\\SessionId \n\\UserId ",{"_33":1234,"_35":1235},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1236,"_41":245,"_43":1237,"_67":1238,"_69":1244,"_71":70},"JUztBI8m",{},[1239],{"_37":943,"_450":1240,"_453":1241,"_43":1243,"_71":70},[138],[1242],21,{},"Message \"ClosingNode\"",{"_33":1246,"_35":1247},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1248,"_41":245,"_43":1249,"_67":1250,"_69":1251,"_71":70},"vYIMAbb1",{},[],"This message is sent from the Viewer to the LinkService when a node is closed by the user.",{"_33":1253,"_35":1254},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1255,"_41":245,"_43":1256,"_67":1257,"_69":1258,"_71":70},"3lTKQZIS",{"_712":70},[],"\\MessId MV_ClosingNode_OHP_1.0\n\\Subject \"ClosingNode\"\n\\NodeId \n\\SessionId \n\\UserId \n",{"_33":1260,"_35":1261},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1262,"_41":245,"_43":1263,"_67":1264,"_69":1269,"_71":70},"vUIAMENr",{},[1265],{"_37":943,"_450":1266,"_453":1267,"_43":1268,"_71":70},[138],[1216],{},"Message \"Update Anchors\"",{"_33":1271,"_35":1272},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1273,"_41":245,"_43":1274,"_67":1275,"_69":1276,"_71":70},"F7icghs2",{},[],"The UpdateAnchors message is sent by the Viewer to the LinkService when the Viewer wants to update the existing anchor list for a given NodeId.",{"_33":1278,"_35":1279},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1280,"_41":245,"_43":1281,"_67":1282,"_69":1283,"_71":70},"4URLio5a",{"_712":70},[],"\\MessId MV_UpdateAnchors_OHP_1.0\n\\Subject \"UpdateAnchors\"\n\\NodeId \n\\Data {\\AnchorID \\LocSpec \n \\Presentation \\Service }+\n\\SessionId \n\\UserId ",{"_33":1285,"_35":1286},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1287,"_41":245,"_43":1288,"_67":1289,"_69":1294,"_71":70},"GS5e6ypQ",{},[1290],{"_37":943,"_450":1291,"_453":1292,"_43":1293,"_71":70},[138],[1216],{},"Message \"LaunchDocument\"",{"_33":1296,"_35":1297},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1298,"_41":245,"_43":1299,"_67":1300,"_69":1301,"_71":70},"yL77uBsN",{},[],"We start the list of messages being sent by the LinkService to the Viewer with the LaunchDocument message. The LinkService might send this message for instance as the result of a follow link from another application.",{"_33":1303,"_35":1304},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1305,"_41":245,"_43":1306,"_67":1307,"_69":1308,"_71":70},"X2EgdhUK",{"_712":70},[],"\\MessId MS_LaunchDocument_OHP_1.0\n\\Subject \"LaunchDocument\"\n\\NodeId \n\\DMS \"SessionManager\" | \"LinkService\"| DMS handle ???\n\\ReadOnly \"True\" | \"False\"\n\\SessionId \n\\UserId ",{"_33":1310,"_35":1311},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1312,"_41":245,"_43":1313,"_67":1314,"_69":1315,"_71":70},"R7lqy57q",{},[],"I think NodeId should be interpreted by the SessionManager. We should not have to deal with the DMS stuff here. LaunchDocument will not have DatacallBack. Instead it will have a DMS field which will have the value \"SessionManager\", \"LinkService\" or the name of the DMS which can interpret the DocId.",{"_33":1317,"_35":1318},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1319,"_41":245,"_43":1320,"_67":1321,"_69":1322,"_71":70},"qR2yjCiV",{},[],"The Viewer might now get the document and - in case in can not deal with the type of document on its own - launch the appropriate Viewer. This will be initiated by advising the SessionManager to to this task.",{"_33":1324,"_35":1325},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1326,"_41":245,"_43":1327,"_67":1328,"_69":1329,"_71":70},"sHGDlp7w",{},[],"The SessionManager may use a document management protocol (DMP) to get the document, or it may do it itself, or ask the LinkService. It may also use DMP to obtain any document attributes, such as nickname, document type and preferred Viewer. If it doesn't do this, then it will be necessary for the SessionManager to supply these values.",{"_33":1331,"_35":1332},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1333,"_41":245,"_43":1334,"_67":1335,"_69":1336,"_71":70},"yjmYu9OP",{},[],"Alternatively, we may have loaded a document and wish to start Link services. ",{"_33":1338,"_35":1339},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1340,"_41":245,"_43":1341,"_67":1342,"_69":1348,"_71":70},"6WwecxJA",{},[1343],{"_37":943,"_450":1344,"_453":1345,"_43":1347,"_71":70},[138],[1346],23,{},"Message \"DisplayAnchor\"",{"_33":1350,"_35":1351},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1352,"_41":245,"_43":1353,"_67":1354,"_69":1355,"_71":70},"wLq8u_yI",{},[],"The LinkService might request from the Viewer to display an anchor in case a document has changed. For this purpose the \"DisplayAnchor\" message is used.",{"_33":1357,"_35":1358},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1359,"_41":245,"_43":1360,"_67":1361,"_69":1362,"_71":70},"fD_XltQC",{"_712":70},[],"\n\\MessId MS_DisplayAnchor_OHP_1.0\n\\Subject \"DisplayAnchor\"\n\\SessionId \n\\Subject DisplayAnchor\n\\AnchorID \\Presentation\n\\UserId \n",{"_33":1364,"_35":1365},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1366,"_41":245,"_43":1367,"_67":1368,"_69":1373,"_71":70},"FPxVH53u",{},[1369],{"_37":943,"_450":1370,"_453":1371,"_43":1372,"_71":70},[138],[1216],{},"Message \"DisplayLocSpec\"",{"_33":1375,"_35":1376},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1377,"_41":245,"_43":1378,"_67":1379,"_69":1380,"_71":70},"typ-7dKE",{},[],"Equally, location specifications might wanted to be displayed by the server. ",{"_33":1382,"_35":1383},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1384,"_41":245,"_43":1385,"_67":1386,"_69":1387,"_71":70},"sYKiTMZd",{"_712":70},[],"\n\\MessId MS_DisplayLocSpec_OHP_1.0\n\\Subject \"DisplayLocSpec\"\n\\LocSpec \\Presentation\n\\SessionId \n",{"_33":1389,"_35":1425},[1390,1411,1418],{"_33":1391,"_35":1406},[1392,1399],{"_33":1393,"_35":1394},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1395,"_41":245,"_43":1396,"_67":1397,"_69":1398,"_71":70},"sP5yvsGr",{},[],"Server End Scripts. These are the scripts that are carried out when some particular event occurs or some action is requested. From the point of view of the viewer there is no difference between some process being run or a link being followed by the linkserver. Of course, these scripts may cause new messages to be sent back to the viewer, to change its presentation in some way.",{"_33":1400,"_35":1401},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1402,"_41":245,"_43":1403,"_67":1404,"_69":1405,"_71":70},"RgoBSImr",{},[],"Client End Scripts. These are scripts that are sent to the viewer by the linkserver. In general they are either sent as part of a LocSpec in order to identify an anchor, or they are sent as a process which the viewer will be expected to run, for example in order to change the presentation of the data in some way. OHP must provide support for such scripts if the viewer wishes to use them.",{"_37":161,"_39":1407,"_41":245,"_43":1408,"_67":1409,"_69":1410,"_71":70},"r0bupa2X",{"_485":796},[],"Scripts play an important part in some hypermedia systems (e.g. Hypercard and Multicard) , and are hardly used in others. Scripts may be classified into two types:",{"_33":1412,"_35":1413},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1414,"_41":245,"_43":1415,"_67":1416,"_69":1417,"_71":70},"yBQ4QBzn",{},[],"The message being foreseen to deal with these scripts is the Interpret message. It is sent fom the LinkService to the Viewer in order to execute a script at the Viewer. If the script is not executable or any other type of error occurs this message should be answered by the Viewer with an \"error\" message.",{"_33":1419,"_35":1420},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1421,"_41":245,"_43":1422,"_67":1423,"_69":1424,"_71":70},"iRPDRJxk",{"_712":70},[],"\n\\MessId MS_Interpret_OHP_1.0\n\\Subject \"Interpret\"\n\\ScriptLanguage language, e.g. Perl, JavaScript, ...\n\\Data the actual script\n\\SessionId \n\\UserId \n",{"_37":482,"_39":1426,"_41":245,"_43":1427,"_67":1428,"_69":1434,"_71":70},"vjEa2vNL",{"_485":486},[1429],{"_37":943,"_450":1430,"_453":1431,"_43":1433,"_71":70},[138],[1432],19,{},"Message \"Interpret\"",{"_33":1436,"_35":1451},[1437,1444],{"_33":1438,"_35":1439},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1440,"_41":245,"_43":1441,"_67":1442,"_69":1443,"_71":70},"3HqV6fo0",{},[],"The LinkService might independently inform the Viewer about new anchors. It can do so by sending \"NewAnchor\" messages.",{"_33":1445,"_35":1446},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1447,"_41":245,"_43":1448,"_67":1449,"_69":1450,"_71":70},"IEnHCMk5",{"_712":70},[],"\n\\MessId MS_NewAnchor_OHP_1.0\n\\Subject \"NewAnchor\"\n\\Data {\\AnchorId \\LocSpec\n \\Direction {\"AtoB\" | \"bidirectional\"}\n \\Presentation \\Service}\n\\SessionId \n\\UserId \n",{"_37":482,"_39":1452,"_41":245,"_43":1453,"_67":1454,"_69":1459,"_71":70},"f2YGyWEk",{"_485":486},[1455],{"_37":943,"_450":1456,"_453":1457,"_43":1458,"_71":70},[138],[1432],{},"Message \"NewAnchor\"",{"_33":1461,"_35":1476},[1462,1469],{"_33":1463,"_35":1464},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1465,"_41":245,"_43":1466,"_67":1467,"_69":1468,"_71":70},"ujzhFYrr",{},[],"This message is sent by the LinkService to a node that it wishes to automatically close e.g. in order to free a lock on a document.",{"_33":1470,"_35":1471},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1472,"_41":245,"_43":1473,"_67":1474,"_69":1475,"_71":70},"atDUU23R",{"_712":70},[],"\n\\MessId MV_CloseNode_OHP_1.0\n\\Subject \"CloseNode\"\n\\NodeId \n\\UpdateNode {\"True\" | \"False\"}\n\\SessionId \n\\UserId \n",{"_37":482,"_39":1477,"_41":245,"_43":1478,"_67":1479,"_69":1484,"_71":70},"pakn40CZ",{"_485":486},[1480],{"_37":943,"_450":1481,"_453":1482,"_43":1483,"_71":70},[138],[1432],{},"Message \"CloseNode\"",{"_33":1486,"_35":1487},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1488,"_41":245,"_43":1489,"_67":1490,"_69":1491,"_71":70},"ZTkGolV3",{},[],"The application is then responsible for closing the node itself, ensuring that it has updated any anchors and its contents if required by the UpdateNode tag. In case of any errors the Viewer should send back an error message.",{"_33":1493,"_35":1508},[1494,1501],{"_33":1495,"_35":1496},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1497,"_41":245,"_43":1498,"_67":1499,"_69":1500,"_71":70},"Ty5dbshe",{},[],"The \"Error\" message might be sent by any component. It is composed of the following structure:",{"_33":1502,"_35":1503},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1504,"_41":245,"_43":1505,"_67":1506,"_69":1507,"_71":70},"fwtNrTkV",{"_712":70},[],"\n\\MessId M_Error_OHP_1.0\n\\Subject \"Error\"\n\\MessageId Id of message that caused the error\n\\ErrorSubject the type of error that occurred\n\\ErrorMessage the actual error string\n\\SessionId \n\\UserId \n",{"_37":482,"_39":1509,"_41":245,"_43":1510,"_67":1511,"_69":1517,"_71":70},"WaqN8FCL",{"_485":486},[1512],{"_37":943,"_450":1513,"_453":1514,"_43":1516,"_71":70},[138],[1515],15,{},"Message \"Error\"",{"_37":482,"_39":1519,"_41":245,"_43":1520,"_67":1521,"_69":1522,"_71":70},"2NAngyvB",{"_485":486},[],"6.3 Overview of Messages",{"_33":1524,"_35":1749},[1525,1532,1539,1560,1567,1574,1581,1588,1595,1602,1609,1630,1658,1665,1686,1707,1728],{"_33":1526,"_35":1527},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1528,"_41":245,"_43":1529,"_67":1530,"_69":1531,"_71":70},"-sv7Jyyt",{},[],"The definition of the location specifications has been quite a controversial issue (see Thread \"opaque locspecs\"). The two main camps being the \"opaque\" people on one side and the \"HyTime\" people on the other end of the spectrum. The argument towards opaque location specification is that for the LinkService location specifications should be opaque because the LinkService does not actually deal with them but rather wants to handle them as uninterpreted byte blocks. The HyTime (HyTime; 1992) followers on the other hand argue that at some point you actually have to have a specification so that an application is able to locate a specific position within a document's multimedia content. And if you have to define it use an existing standard that has been developed in order to deal with location specifications in an abstract, platform independent way.",{"_33":1533,"_35":1534},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1535,"_41":245,"_43":1536,"_67":1537,"_69":1538,"_71":70},"Y7iCcrYa",{},[],"We have learned from both viewpoints and have concluded that both are right. Therfore, we do not treat location specifcations as opqaue but we allow components to do so by simply ignoring the specifications.",{"_33":1540,"_35":1555},[1541,1548],{"_33":1542,"_35":1543},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1544,"_41":245,"_43":1545,"_67":1546,"_69":1547,"_71":70},"eHqDirbl",{},[],"A full HyTime implementation was considered to put too much onus on the application and also would be rather difficult to implement in a macro-like language. We thus agreed on a subset of location specifications as defined in HyTime.",{"_33":1549,"_35":1550},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1551,"_41":245,"_43":1552,"_67":1553,"_69":1554,"_71":70},"CsncpwYY",{},[],"The protocol is assumed to develop, thus in a first step the focus is on establishing the protocol and later on improving and enhancing it. However, we are convinced that without a basic agreement on the location specifications real interoperability between viewers is not possible.",{"_37":161,"_39":1556,"_41":245,"_43":1557,"_67":1558,"_69":1559,"_71":70},"eIzI5rNm",{"_485":870},[],"A number of additionally criteria have been influencing our decision for the current definition of location specifiers:",{"_33":1561,"_35":1562},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1563,"_41":245,"_43":1564,"_67":1565,"_69":1566,"_71":70},"If8Wj5Ib",{},[],"As an example let us take the simplest data type, e.g. ASCII text. Most systems have developed similar fairly rich methods of locating strings. The location specification should include standards for these methods. Later, we might extend standards for such things as pictures, formatted text, videos etc. But opaque types will always be allowed and supported.",{"_33":1568,"_35":1569},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1570,"_41":245,"_43":1571,"_67":1572,"_69":1573,"_71":70},"50Bbvigq",{},[],"We also would like to stress the point that standarisation of location specifications is only partially subject to OHP. This can be compared to the situation with the document management protocol: strictly speaking this should not be part of the definition of OHP; however, if OHP should be really useful there have to be some common assumptions about both location specifications and document management functionality. For the current version of OHP we therefore provide these features so that OHP as a protocol can be implemented.",{"_33":1575,"_35":1576},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1577,"_41":245,"_43":1578,"_67":1579,"_69":1580,"_71":70},"e3STn_1e",{},[],"Now that we have explained in general our decisions we are able to define location specifications as part of OHP.",{"_33":1582,"_35":1583},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1584,"_41":245,"_43":1585,"_67":1586,"_69":1587,"_71":70},"x2E-USY-",{"_712":70},[],"LocSpec =\n\\ContentType type, e.g., ASCII, binary\n\\Content Mime encoded text string\n\\LocData Loc\n",{"_33":1589,"_35":1590},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1591,"_41":245,"_43":1592,"_67":1593,"_69":1594,"_71":70},"1DCuoHkZ",{},[],"Location specification consist of a content type, the content itsef as well as the actual location data. LocData is defined as",{"_33":1596,"_35":1597},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1598,"_41":245,"_43":1599,"_67":1600,"_69":1601,"_71":70},"Gxaoggfi",{"_712":70},[],"Loc = NameLoc | DataLoc | TreeLoc | PathLoc | ScriptLoc | NALoc\n",{"_33":1603,"_35":1604},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1605,"_41":245,"_43":1606,"_67":1607,"_69":1608,"_71":70},"hLgvMjbI",{},[],"In the sequel we will explain these different basic types of location specifications. Again, it is up to the developer to introduce his own additional location specification or to add additional tags where necessry for specific applications. For most cases though, the proposed set of location specifications should be sufficient.",{"_33":1610,"_35":1625},[1611,1618],{"_33":1612,"_35":1613},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1614,"_41":245,"_43":1615,"_67":1616,"_69":1617,"_71":70},"LyBEqS8m",{},[],"Name space locations are used to reference an object by its name. Names are expressed in OHP by NodeIds so the defintion of NameLoc is as follows:",{"_33":1619,"_35":1620},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1621,"_41":245,"_43":1622,"_67":1623,"_69":1624,"_71":70},"KVVIOp5S",{"_712":70},[],"NameLoc =\n \\LocType \"NameLoc\"\n \\NodeId \n",{"_37":482,"_39":1626,"_41":245,"_43":1627,"_67":1628,"_69":1629,"_71":70},"X0EjPCyX",{"_485":486},[],"Name Space Locations",{"_33":1631,"_35":1653},[1632,1639,1646],{"_33":1633,"_35":1634},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1635,"_41":245,"_43":1636,"_67":1637,"_69":1638,"_71":70},"mbiacGB-",{},[],"So-called data locations are coordinate locations, i.e., objects are addressed by their relative position to another object. DataLocs will be heavily used by OHP as most systems define anchors by relative positioning, for instance by keeping an offset. In order to know how this dimension specification should be interpreted, i.e. to get its data type, a quantum tag is defined. Count list follows the HyTime semantics of defining a dimenstion list. In particular, two markers define beginning and end of a node on an axis thus resulting in (number of axes * 2) markers.",{"_33":1640,"_35":1641},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1642,"_41":245,"_43":1643,"_67":1644,"_69":1645,"_71":70},"7bTghDQH",{},[],"A reverse counter is kept in order to do cross checking of validity of anchors. In case the expected object still can not be found an overrun behaviour can be specified: the error can simply be ignored, the markers can be truncated to the last unit on the axis or an error can be raised.",{"_33":1647,"_35":1648},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1649,"_41":245,"_43":1650,"_67":1651,"_69":1652,"_71":70},"oeFqmqou",{},[],"The HyTime time quantum \"utc\" expects items in the form yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss.decimal, e.g., 1997-06- 06 17:59:22.6122.",{"_37":482,"_39":1654,"_41":245,"_43":1655,"_67":1656,"_69":1657,"_71":70},"HJkHeMQB",{"_485":486},[],"Data Locations",{"_33":1659,"_35":1660},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1661,"_41":245,"_43":1662,"_67":1663,"_69":1664,"_71":70},"GD0GfhxA",{"_712":70},[],"DataLoc =\n \\LocType \"DataLoc\"\n \\NodeId \n \\Quantum \"string\" | \"int\" | \"byte\" | \"utc\"\n \\CountList list of Strings being interpreted by the viewer\n \\RevCountList list of Strings being interpreted by the viewer\n \\Overrun \"ignore\" | \"error\" | \"trunc\" overrun attribute\n",{"_33":1666,"_35":1681},[1667,1674],{"_33":1668,"_35":1669},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1670,"_41":245,"_43":1671,"_67":1672,"_69":1673,"_71":70},"_iOk0BtS",{},[],"Tree locations can be used for addressing a single object within a tree. The addressing is done in a way that on each level of the tree an object is selected by its position. These position numbers are expressed in CountList. For example a count list of \"1 2 3\" applied to a NodeId referencing a book would get the third section of the second chapter of the book (assuming that a book has a structure with chapters and sections).",{"_33":1675,"_35":1676},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1677,"_41":245,"_43":1678,"_67":1679,"_69":1680,"_71":70},"kOQQKZ7r",{"_712":70},[],"TreeLoc =\n \\LocType \"TreeLoc\"\n \\NodeId \n \\Overrun \"ignore\" | \"error\" | \"trunc\"\n \\CountList list of numbers",{"_37":482,"_39":1682,"_41":245,"_43":1683,"_67":1684,"_69":1685,"_71":70},"386Z2vpd",{"_485":486},[],"Tree Locations",{"_33":1687,"_35":1702},[1688,1695],{"_33":1689,"_35":1690},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1691,"_41":245,"_43":1692,"_67":1693,"_69":1694,"_71":70},"JkWjxXNk",{},[],"As opposed to tree locations path locations are used to address a range of nodes by a path. This is done by addressing a tree as though it were a matrix in which the rows are the levels of the tree and the columns are the paths. Therefore the count list of a path location consists of an even number of pairs: the first pair identifies the columns (i.e. the paths to the leaves) and the second pair selects the rows.",{"_33":1696,"_35":1697},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1698,"_41":245,"_43":1699,"_67":1700,"_69":1701,"_71":70},"_9OeIVpX",{"_712":70},[],"PathLoc =\n \\LocType \"PathLoc\"\n \\NodeId \n \\Overrun \"ignore\" | \"error\" | \"trunc\"\n \\CountList list of numbers",{"_37":482,"_39":1703,"_41":245,"_43":1704,"_67":1705,"_69":1706,"_71":70},"D3S_3Z7W",{"_485":486},[],"Path Locations",{"_33":1708,"_35":1723},[1709,1716],{"_33":1710,"_35":1711},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1712,"_41":245,"_43":1713,"_67":1714,"_69":1715,"_71":70},"VtgFr93a",{},[],"OHP does not define a specific query mechanism for addressing locations (as thus for instance HyTime with the standard DSSSL Query Language, SDQ). However, by allowing script locations we define a way for those Hypermedia systems that use scripts to identify and address locations at the client's side.",{"_33":1717,"_35":1718},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1719,"_41":245,"_43":1720,"_67":1721,"_69":1722,"_71":70},"mgGu8oKA",{"_712":70},[],"ScriptLoc =\n \\LocType \"ScriptLoc\"\n \\Script viewer executable script\n",{"_37":482,"_39":1724,"_41":245,"_43":1725,"_67":1726,"_69":1727,"_71":70},"RIMeK5bb",{"_485":486},[],"Script Locations",{"_33":1729,"_35":1744},[1730,1737],{"_33":1731,"_35":1732},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1733,"_41":245,"_43":1734,"_67":1735,"_69":1736,"_71":70},"756uf_OB",{},[],"An idea borrowed from HyTime is to address data that is currently not accessible. This could be a printed book which is not available on-line, a radio broadcast or even a person or an organization. The point is that it might in some cases make sense to reference these nodes without having a Viewer for them. Instead, the Viewer could display a notification string, stating for example where to find a book in a shelf in a library. We call this location specification NALoc for \"not accessible\" location.",{"_33":1738,"_35":1739},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1740,"_41":245,"_43":1741,"_67":1742,"_69":1743,"_71":70},"6JHFA1C2",{"_712":70},[],"NALoc =\n \\LocType \"NALoc\"\n \\Loc string as description of the object and its physical location\n",{"_37":482,"_39":1745,"_41":245,"_43":1746,"_67":1747,"_69":1748,"_71":70},"zTZA81LN",{"_485":486},[],"Inaccessible Locations",{"_37":482,"_39":1750,"_41":245,"_43":1751,"_67":1752,"_69":1753,"_71":70},"VJYfBroP",{"_485":486},[],"6.4 Location Specifications",{"_33":1755,"_35":1832},[1756,1763,1770,1777,1784,1791,1798,1805,1818,1825],{"_33":1757,"_35":1758},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1759,"_41":245,"_43":1760,"_67":1761,"_69":1762,"_71":70},"ScD4TpLm",{},[],"Many systems incorporate the possibility of displaying persistent selections in different ways. For example, persistent selections in text might be coloured blue, or some other colour, and areas of bitmaps might be shaded, raised or outlined; some systems support buttons that are not shown, or are only shown when the pointer is over them. In general this is a user choice, and it applies to all the persistent selections in the view, so may be a setting on the viewer that is completely independent of the link service.",{"_33":1764,"_35":1765},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1766,"_41":245,"_43":1767,"_67":1768,"_69":1769,"_71":70},"igq_Dchn",{},[],"However, there are cases where an author may wish particular persistent selections to show in some way that is different from others. In this case it is possible for the viewer to allow the specification of some particular presentation of the selection, and to store this along with the LocSpec, so that when it is viewed later, it will have the desired appearance. If this were the only requirement, the syntax and semantics of the presentation specifier would belong only to the viewer.",{"_33":1771,"_35":1772},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1773,"_41":245,"_43":1774,"_67":1775,"_69":1776,"_71":70},"1pGwRKCN",{},[],"Unfortunately, there are many cases where the link service may wish, as the result of some script, to change the presentation, and the linkservice will not know the presentation unless it is part of the standard.",{"_33":1778,"_35":1779},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1780,"_41":245,"_43":1781,"_67":1782,"_69":1783,"_71":70},"LvY-Z7vY",{},[],"For the purpose of this version of the protocol we suggest that the information about presentation is kept Viewer specific. i.e. the Viewer may ask to store any presentation information in any form that it chooses, and the Viewer will interpret this data at a later stage when asked to present the data again.",{"_33":1785,"_35":1786},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1787,"_41":245,"_43":1788,"_67":1789,"_69":1790,"_71":70},"G8FJ0Kud",{},[],"The consequence of this policy will be that the LinkService will not be able to communicate to the Viewer that it should change any presentation (e.g. as the result of a script) since it will not know the syntax of the presentation tag for this particular Viewer.",{"_33":1792,"_35":1793},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1794,"_41":245,"_43":1795,"_67":1796,"_69":1797,"_71":70},"IRYielXq",{},[],"We are aware that strictly speaking presentation styles should not be defined within OHP (Anderson, 1997). However, as is true for the document management part and also for the location specifications, in order to make OHP really useable in the first phase a standardised agreed way of expressing presentation specifics has to be found.",{"_33":1799,"_35":1800},[],{"_37":709,"_39":1801,"_41":245,"_43":1802,"_67":1803,"_69":1804,"_71":70},"3yhJohZm",{"_712":70},[],"\\Presentation [\\Colour colour][\\style style]\n [\\visibility \"true\"| \"false\"]\n",{"_33":1806,"_35":1807},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1808,"_41":245,"_43":1809,"_67":1810,"_69":1817,"_71":70},"WWoT_Wi1",{},[1811],{"_37":943,"_450":1812,"_453":1814,"_43":1816,"_71":70},[1813],263,[1815],268,{},"Following the original proposal we suggest a triplet of colour, style, visibility, each of which is optional. The above defintion allows us to only put these things if we have them, and we could also add other tags if needed. We will define some tag values which will be understood.",{"_33":1819,"_35":1820},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1821,"_41":245,"_43":1822,"_67":1823,"_69":1824,"_71":70},"ea9PKFVP",{},[],"We assume that the eight primary computer colours are supported, i.e. blue, cyan, green, magenta, orange, pink, red and yellow.",{"_33":1826,"_35":1827},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1828,"_41":245,"_43":1829,"_67":1830,"_69":1831,"_71":70},"MNKL9jkv",{},[],"As minimal subset of styles we define flashing, bold, italic, outlined and shaded.",{"_37":482,"_39":1833,"_41":245,"_43":1834,"_67":1835,"_69":1836,"_71":70},"H4q3KtZO",{"_485":486},[],"6.5 Presentation Specification",{"_37":482,"_39":1838,"_41":245,"_43":1839,"_67":1840,"_69":1841,"_71":70},"JB-7sOxa",{"_485":486},[],"6. Definitions",{"_33":1843,"_35":1889},[1844,1851],{"_33":1845,"_35":1846},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1847,"_41":245,"_43":1848,"_67":1849,"_69":1850,"_71":70},"FCF4FsG7",{},[],"In this section we consider, by reference to some different types of hypermedia viewers, the way these applications might use the OHP protocol. In order to allow readers to 'play' with OHP and to better visualize the communiction process we have developed a small Java applet that should help in understanding OHP.",{"_33":1852,"_35":1879},[1853,1860],{"_33":1854,"_35":1855},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1856,"_41":245,"_43":1857,"_67":1858,"_69":1859,"_71":70},"o8LiLZZQ",{},[],"The following simple applet is based on the assumptions we have made about the components being involved in an OHP scenario. On the OHP level we thus only have two components, Viewer and LinkService, that talk OHP to each other. The communication layer is not shown in the applet.",{"_33":1861,"_35":1874},[1862],{"_33":1863,"_35":1864},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1865,"_41":245,"_43":1866,"_67":1867,"_69":1873,"_71":70},"4NJmJYvh",{},[1868],{"_37":943,"_450":1869,"_453":1870,"_43":1872,"_71":70},[138],[1871],43,{},"Fig.: Java Applet allowing to play with OHP",{"_37":161,"_39":1875,"_41":245,"_43":1876,"_67":1877,"_69":1878,"_71":70},"2RWgWbpR",{"_485":486},[],"In order to play with OHP select a scenario and walk through it by pressing 'start'.",{"_37":482,"_39":1880,"_41":245,"_43":1881,"_67":1882,"_69":1888,"_71":70},"37lVPsn6",{"_485":486},[1883],{"_37":943,"_450":1884,"_453":1885,"_43":1887,"_71":70},[138],[1886],12,{},"Try out OHP!",{"_37":482,"_39":1890,"_41":245,"_43":1891,"_67":1892,"_69":1893,"_71":70},"-Ue96qsv",{"_485":486},[],"7. Example Scenarios",{"_33":1895,"_35":1957},[1896,1931],{"_33":1897,"_35":1926},[1898,1905,1912,1919],{"_33":1899,"_35":1900},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1901,"_41":245,"_43":1902,"_67":1903,"_69":1904,"_71":70},"QhYPj_is",{},[],"The World-Wide Web Consortium proposes a standardised way to extend the HyperText Transfer Protocol. This extension is called Protocol Extension Protocol (PEP, Nielsen, 1997).",{"_33":1906,"_35":1907},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1908,"_41":245,"_43":1909,"_67":1910,"_69":1911,"_71":70},"e-uN6rte",{},[],"PEP should be used for situations where applications require more facilities than the standard version of HTTP provides, from distributed authoring, collaboration and printing, to various remote procedure call mechanisms.",{"_33":1913,"_35":1914},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1915,"_41":245,"_43":1916,"_67":1917,"_69":1918,"_71":70},"ix5YBm7l",{},[],"The Protocol Extension Protocol (PEP) is an extension mechanism designed to address the tension between private agreement and public specification and to accommodate extension of HTTP clients and servers by software components. The PEP mechanism is to associate each extension with a URI, and use a few new header fields to carry the extension identifier and related information from HTTP clients, through proxies and intermediaries, to servers, and back again.",{"_33":1920,"_35":1921},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1922,"_41":245,"_43":1923,"_67":1924,"_69":1925,"_71":70},"WNboOKrN",{},[],"From an OHP point of view PEP could be used in the communications layer which is represented by the SessionManager component. OHP itself however, is on a higher level and its focus is different to that of PEP being based on HTTP.",{"_37":482,"_39":1927,"_41":245,"_43":1928,"_67":1929,"_69":1930,"_71":70},"42Lav33m",{"_485":486},[],"8.1 Protocol Extension Protocol (PEP)",{"_33":1932,"_35":1952},[1933,1940],{"_33":1934,"_35":1935},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1936,"_41":245,"_43":1937,"_67":1938,"_69":1939,"_71":70},"vO4W7rgH",{},[],"OpenDoc is a multi-platform component-based architecture, based around CORBA. OpenDoc uses compound documents, where the data in each component is viewed and accessed by means of \"part editors\". OpenDoc assigns the correct editor to handle each different data type, looking first at user preferences, and failing that, making an intelligent decision based on the data type, and its knowledge of the available editors. The part editors share windows, menus and other resources within a document. OpenDoc provides a highly versatile persistent storage system known as Bento, which allows multiple part editors to share a single document file. The Bento storage units and mechanisms are also used for clipboard transfers, drag-and-drop, and linking between parts, documents and/or networks.",{"_33":1941,"_35":1942},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1943,"_41":245,"_43":1944,"_67":1945,"_69":1951,"_71":70},"EgxRK8Cl",{},[1946],{"_37":526,"_450":1947,"_453":1948,"_43":1950,"_71":70},[1242],[1949],49,{},"OpenDoc includes the Open Scripting Architecture - a highly versatile mechanism that includes an Apple Event Model (AEOM) style communication architecture. Consequently the same kind of Shims that would work with the AEOM would work with properly built OpenDoc part editors, and hence with OpenDoc applications. OpenDoc is a multi-platform architecture, and if it is successful in establishing itself the implications are significant.",{"_37":482,"_39":1953,"_41":245,"_43":1954,"_67":1955,"_69":1956,"_71":70},"XaNrRqy-",{"_485":486},[],"8.2 OpenDoc",{"_37":482,"_39":1958,"_41":245,"_43":1959,"_67":1960,"_69":1961,"_71":70},"RAUOqF-2",{"_485":486},[],"8. Related Work",{"_33":1963,"_35":1985},[1964],{"_33":1965,"_35":1980},[1966,1973],{"_33":1967,"_35":1968},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1969,"_41":245,"_43":1970,"_67":1971,"_69":1972,"_71":70},"8JlLnIPQ",{},[],"Collaboration",{"_33":1974,"_35":1975},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1976,"_41":245,"_43":1977,"_67":1978,"_69":1979,"_71":70},"NU-Wvt11",{},[],"Transaction Semantics",{"_37":161,"_39":1981,"_41":245,"_43":1982,"_67":1983,"_69":1984,"_71":70},"YmQRi_fm",{"_485":870},[],"We sum up what we have proposed, conclude. List of open issues:",{"_37":482,"_39":1986,"_41":245,"_43":1987,"_67":1988,"_69":1989,"_71":70},"keTzgVzJ",{"_485":486},[],"9. Summary and Conclusion ",{"_33":1991,"_35":1999},[1992],{"_33":1993,"_35":1994},[],{"_37":161,"_39":1995,"_41":245,"_43":1996,"_67":1997,"_69":1998,"_71":70},"ac-C2x25",{},[],"The OHS community, all that have contributed in any form. Special thanks to Pete Nürnberg, Ken Anderson, Richard Taylor.",{"_37":482,"_39":2000,"_41":245,"_43":2001,"_67":2002,"_69":2003,"_71":70},"hvS6KMvc",{"_485":486},[],"Acknowledgements",{"_33":2005,"_35":2186},[2006,2019,2032,2044,2057,2070,2084,2091,2104,2116,2123,2130,2137,2151,2162,2174],{"_33":2007,"_35":2008},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2009,"_41":245,"_43":2010,"_67":2011,"_69":2018,"_71":70},"LuY0cf8c",{},[2012],{"_37":526,"_450":2013,"_453":2015,"_43":2017,"_71":70},[2014],14,[2016],56,{},"Kenneth M. A. A Critique of the Open Hypermedia Protocol. 3rd Workshop on Open Hypermedia Systems, Southampton, April 1997. Available as http://www.daimi.aau.dk/~kock/OHS- HT97/Papers/anderson.html [1997 June 20].",{"_33":2020,"_35":2021},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2022,"_41":245,"_43":2023,"_67":2024,"_69":2031,"_71":70},"duzL0LaI",{},[2025],{"_37":526,"_450":2026,"_453":2028,"_43":2030,"_71":70},[2027],37,[2029],117,{},"Davis, H.C., Knight, S.K. & Hall, W. Light Hypermedia Link Services: A Study in Third Party Application Integration. In: The ACM Conference on Hypermedia Technology, ECHT '94 Proceedings. pp 41-50. ACM. Sept. 1994.",{"_33":2033,"_35":2034},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2035,"_41":245,"_43":2036,"_67":2037,"_69":2043,"_71":70},"VwZ99rsB",{},[2038],{"_37":526,"_450":2039,"_453":2040,"_43":2042,"_71":70},[1040],[2041],142,{},"Davis, H., Lewis, A., Rizk, A. OHP: A Draft Proposal for a Standard Open Hypermedia Protocol (Levels 0 and 1: Revision 1.2 - 13th March. 1996). 2nd Workshop on Open Hypermedia Systems, Washington, March 1996. Available as http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~hcd/protweb.htm [1997 June 20].",{"_33":2045,"_35":2046},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2047,"_41":245,"_43":2048,"_67":2049,"_69":2056,"_71":70},"g5OSzN2T",{},[2050],{"_37":526,"_450":2051,"_453":2053,"_43":2055,"_71":70},[2052],11,[2054],26,{},"Davis, H.: Channels in OHP. Thread in OHS Mailing List (1997 June 6) Available as http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/ohs/archive/0032.html [1997 June 20].",{"_33":2058,"_35":2059},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2060,"_41":245,"_43":2061,"_67":2062,"_69":2069,"_71":70},"XG99Npjy",{},[2063],{"_37":526,"_450":2064,"_453":2066,"_43":2068,"_71":70},[2065],28,[2067],125,{},"Goose S., Lewis A., Hugh D. OHRA: Towards an Open Hypermedia Reference Architecture and a Migration Path for Existing Systems. 3rd Workshop on Open Hypermedia Systems, Southampton, April 1997. Available as http://www.daimi.aau.dk/~kock/OHS-HT97/Papers/goose.html [1997 June 20].",{"_33":2071,"_35":2072},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2073,"_41":245,"_43":2074,"_67":2075,"_69":2083,"_71":70},"FXhx1SFy",{},[2076],{"_37":526,"_450":2077,"_453":2079,"_43":2082,"_71":70},[2054,2078],130,[2080,2081],82,202,{},"Grønbæk, K. & Trigg, R.H. Design Issues for a Dexter-Based Hypermedia System. In: D. Lucarella, J. Nanard, M. Nanard, P. Paolini. eds. The Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Hypertext, ECHT '92 Milano, pp 191-200. ACM Press. Nov. 1992",{"_33":2085,"_35":2086},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2087,"_41":245,"_43":2088,"_67":2089,"_69":2090,"_71":70},"cbJVaiBI",{},[],"ISO - International Organization for Standardization: Information Technology - Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language (HyTime), ISO/IEC 10744, 1992.",{"_33":2092,"_35":2093},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2094,"_41":245,"_43":2095,"_67":2096,"_69":2103,"_71":70},"p3P90Mzo",{},[2097],{"_37":526,"_450":2098,"_453":2100,"_43":2102,"_71":70},[2099],29,[2101],91,{},"Kacmar, C.J. & Leggett, J.J. PROXHY: A Process-Oriented Extensible Hypertext Architecture. ACM Trans. on Information Systems, 9(4) pp 299-419. Oct. 1991.",{"_33":2105,"_35":2106},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2107,"_41":245,"_43":2108,"_67":2109,"_69":2115,"_71":70},"PlK5vrpO",{},[2110],{"_37":526,"_450":2111,"_453":2112,"_43":2114,"_71":70},[1515],[2113],30,{},"Nürnberg, P.: opaque locspecs. Thread in OHS Mailing List (1997 April 17) Available as http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/ohs/archive/0023.html [1997 June 20].",{"_33":2117,"_35":2118},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2119,"_41":245,"_43":2120,"_67":2121,"_69":2122,"_71":70},"AEWVo2uC",{},[],"Open Document Management API (ODMA): Open Document Management API Version 1.5. Available as http://www.aiim.org/odma/odma15.htm [1997 June 20].",{"_33":2124,"_35":2125},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2126,"_41":245,"_43":2127,"_67":2128,"_69":2129,"_71":70},"TOSNHKWS",{},[],"PEP - an Extension Mechanism for HTTP: W3C Working Draft 28 April 1997. Edited by Henrik Frystyk Nielsen. Available as http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-http-pep-970428 [1997 June 20].",{"_33":2131,"_35":2132},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2133,"_41":245,"_43":2134,"_67":2135,"_69":2136,"_71":70},"IF9prJIl",{},[],"Reich, S.: How OHP's LocSpecs could benefit from ISO/IEC 10744. 3rd Workshop on Open Hypermedia Systems, Southampton, April 1997. Available as http://www.daimi.aau.dk/~kock/OHS- HT97/Papers/reich.ps [1997 June 20].",{"_33":2138,"_35":2139},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2140,"_41":245,"_43":2141,"_67":2142,"_69":2150,"_71":70},"Gh_M3Kv8",{},[2143],{"_37":526,"_450":2144,"_453":2146,"_43":2149,"_71":70},[2145,2029],22,[2147,2148],58,184,{},"Rizk, A. & Sauter, L. Multicard: An Open Hypermedia System. In: D. Lucarella, J. Nanard, M. Nanard, P. Paolini. eds. The Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Hypertext, ECHT '92 Milano, Italy, December 1992, pp 181-190. ACM Press. 1992",{"_33":2152,"_35":2153},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2154,"_41":245,"_43":2155,"_67":2156,"_69":2161,"_71":70},"hzD1fdKj",{},[2157],{"_37":526,"_450":2158,"_453":2159,"_43":2160,"_71":70},[2014],[568],{},"Taylor, R. N. Response: A Draft Proposal for a Standard Open Hypermedia Protocol. 2nd Workshop on Open Hypermedia Systems, Washington, March 1996. Available as ?????????????????? [1997 June 20].",{"_33":2163,"_35":2164},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2165,"_41":245,"_43":2166,"_67":2167,"_69":2173,"_71":70},"Hug8UDTF",{},[2168],{"_37":526,"_450":2169,"_453":2171,"_43":2172,"_71":70},[2170],33,[2067],{},"Wiil, U.K & Østerbye, K. (eds.). The Proceedings of the ECHT '94 Workshop on Open Hypermedia Systems, Edinburgh, Sept. 1994. Technical Report R-94-2038. Aalborg University. Oct. 1994.",{"_33":2175,"_35":2176},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2177,"_41":245,"_43":2178,"_67":2179,"_69":2185,"_71":70},"2nSqQAnH",{},[2180],{"_37":526,"_450":2181,"_453":2182,"_43":2184,"_71":70},[1216],[2183],74,{},"Wiil, U.K & Leggett, J. The HyperDisco Approach to Open Hypermedia Systems. In: The Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Hypertext '96, Washington D.C., pp 140-148. ACM Press. March 1996. An OHP application must also provide an interface to allow anchors to be updated e.g. after document editing.",{"_37":482,"_39":2187,"_41":245,"_43":2188,"_67":2189,"_69":2190,"_71":70},"QAYEeiF7",{"_485":486},[],"References",[237,55],"/records/ohp-open-hypermedia-protocol","2025-07-07T23:07:11.413Z",{"_83":254},{},{"_39":231,"_96":55,"_56":2197,"_72":234,"_98":-5,"_99":-5,"_100":-5,"_101":-5,"_95":6},[57,233],1771826057508,[150,231,234],"[\"ENTITY\",\"hm://z6MkrvYZzMYaCxyjbFWsZicdPCrcVmiXvgeY3i65GERQjjoH/records/ohp-open-hypermedia-protocol\",\"bafy2bzaceb5g2ghhzmslplmaqsyvrz6raz6ub7cuemsnafggjtuntq5jpg67c\"]",{"_111":2202,"_148":2325,"_151":2326},{"_113":2203,"_132":133,"_134":2324,"_136":-5,"_137":138,"_139":138,"_140":138,"_141":-5,"_142":-5,"_143":8,"_144":145,"_146":147},{"_37":28,"_28":2204,"_39":2322},{"_30":2205,"_72":260,"_73":55,"_74":2318,"_56":2319,"_77":267,"_79":267,"_81":2320,"_85":2321,"_87":260,"_89":90},[2206,2213,2220,2227,2234,2241,2255,2262,2269,2276,2283,2290,2297,2304,2311],{"_33":2207,"_35":2208},[],{"_37":554,"_39":2209,"_41":260,"_43":2210,"_67":2211,"_69":70,"_71":2212},"p4AMUIgQ",{"_485":486},[],"ipfs://bafkreiewyltfarlgdabtxg2xweqwqrjpgdfpqrnx2xtb5dy6674jrjuefm",{"_33":2214,"_35":2215},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2216,"_41":260,"_43":2217,"_67":2218,"_69":2219,"_71":70},"-DF73eNe",{},[],"Douglas C. Engelbart Stanford Research Institute Menlo Park, California",{"_33":2221,"_35":2222},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2223,"_41":260,"_43":2224,"_67":2225,"_69":2226,"_71":70},"XXw4jC7M",{},[],"May 24, 1962",{"_33":2228,"_35":2229},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2230,"_41":260,"_43":2231,"_67":2232,"_69":2233,"_71":70},"wf6V5Qjp",{},[],"Dr. Vannevar Bush Professor Emeritus Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts",{"_33":2235,"_35":2236},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2237,"_41":260,"_43":2238,"_67":2239,"_69":2240,"_71":70},"ecXgnTvS",{},[],"Dear Dr. Bush:",{"_33":2242,"_35":2243},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2244,"_41":260,"_43":2245,"_67":2246,"_69":2254,"_71":70},"SNRapKYU",{},[2247],{"_37":449,"_450":2248,"_453":2250,"_43":2252,"_71":2253},[2249],100,[2251],118,{},"https://web.archive.org/web/20110730055322/http://sloan.stanford.edu/mousesite/Secondary/Bushframe.html","I wish permission from you to extract lengthy and definitely acknowledged quotes from your article, \"As We May Think,\" that appeared in The Atlantic Monthly, July, 1945. These quotes would appear in a report that I am writing for the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and I am sending a parallel request to The Atlantic Monthly.",{"_33":2256,"_35":2257},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2258,"_41":260,"_43":2259,"_67":2260,"_69":2261,"_71":70},"Ff-7FExs",{},[],"For your information I am enclosing a relatively brief and quite general writeup describing the program that I am trying to develop here at Stanford Research Institute. The report which I am writing (and for which I am requesting quotation permission from you) is a detailed description of the conceptual structure that I have developed over the years to orient my pursuit of this objective of increasing the individual human's intellectual effectiveness. It will also contain a number of examples of the way in which new equipment can lead to new methods and improved effectiveness, to illustrate my more general (but nonnumerical) framework, and your article is quite the best that I have found in print to offer examples of this.",{"_33":2263,"_35":2264},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2265,"_41":260,"_43":2266,"_67":2267,"_69":2268,"_71":70},"6Ok4zA2B",{},[],"I might add that this article of yours has probably influenced me quite basically. I remember finding it and avidly reading it in a Red Cross library on the edge of the jungle on Leyte, one of the Phillipine [sic] Islands, in the Fall of 1945. Subsequently, l went back and finished my B.S. in E.E. after the war (Oregon State), and worked for the NACA at Moffett Field (near here) until 1951, when I got fed up with my goalless role. I formulated then the goal for which this program represents the pursuit vehicle, spent years in graduate school at the University of California (Berkeley), taught there a while, and finally ended up here-- choosing SRI as a place where I would have a good chance to work toward developing such a program. I had had almost nothing but negative reactions from people up to then, and for several years here, too.",{"_33":2270,"_35":2271},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2272,"_41":260,"_43":2273,"_67":2274,"_69":2275,"_71":70},"uLK39BOg",{},[],"But the climate has changed of late, and for two years I have personally been able to spend almost full time trying to lay the conceptual groundwork for launching a serious research program on \"human intellectual effectiveness.\" I think I have a good approach developed for such a program, and we are trying to get it supported and started. Our OSR support has been for half of my time in this pre-program study, and the report for them will hopefully lay out considerations and reasoning that can show most readers where the promise and possibilities are for future improvement of our intellectual capability, and what is a reasonable approach to pursue these possibilities.",{"_33":2277,"_35":2278},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2279,"_41":260,"_43":2280,"_67":2281,"_69":2282,"_71":70},"qMpJYwX8",{},[],"I re-discovered your article about three years ago, and was rather startled to realize how much I had aligned my sights along the vector you had described. I wouldn't be surprised at all if the reading of this article sixteen and a half years ago hadn't had a real influence upon the course of my thoughts and actions.",{"_33":2284,"_35":2285},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2286,"_41":260,"_43":2287,"_67":2288,"_69":2289,"_71":70},"7jOFHNXI",{},[],"If you still have interest in this area and have the time and energy to give it some occasional consideration, l would be most happy to send you a copy of the report. (It is more than just a report to a government agency. For me it is more the public debut of a dream, and the overdue birth attests to my emotional involvement.)",{"_33":2291,"_35":2292},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2293,"_41":260,"_43":2294,"_67":2295,"_69":2296,"_71":70},"IBdD-V09",{},[],"Thank you for your consideration.",{"_33":2298,"_35":2299},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2300,"_41":260,"_43":2301,"_67":2302,"_69":2303,"_71":70},"vp1UxcBQ",{},[],"Sincerely,",{"_33":2305,"_35":2306},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2307,"_41":260,"_43":2308,"_67":2309,"_69":2310,"_71":70},"UtuD5XVo",{},[],"Douglas C. Engelbart",{"_33":2312,"_35":2313},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2314,"_41":260,"_43":2315,"_67":2316,"_69":2317,"_71":70},"XcfL-Vuc",{},[],"Senior Research Engineer",[55],"/records/letter-to-vannevar-bush-from-engelbart",{"_83":276},{},{"_39":257,"_96":55,"_56":2323,"_72":260,"_98":-5,"_99":-5,"_100":-5,"_101":-5,"_95":6},[57,259],1771826057388,[150,257,260],"[\"ENTITY\",\"hm://z6MkrvYZzMYaCxyjbFWsZicdPCrcVmiXvgeY3i65GERQjjoH/records/letter-to-vannevar-bush-from-engelbart\",\"bafy2bzaceapz6vfyjvnouujsswjhsgtdhxldaa6er7ertvvtf2uc5anyy7rjm\"]",{"_111":2328,"_148":3321,"_151":3322},{"_113":2329,"_132":133,"_134":3320,"_136":-5,"_137":138,"_139":138,"_140":138,"_141":-5,"_142":-5,"_143":8,"_144":145,"_146":147},{"_37":28,"_28":2330,"_39":3318},{"_30":2331,"_72":282,"_73":55,"_74":3314,"_56":3315,"_77":289,"_79":289,"_81":3316,"_85":3317,"_87":282,"_89":90},[2332,2339,2346,2353,2360,2367,2374,2381,2388,2395,2402,2409,2416,2423,2430,2437,2444,2451,2458,2465,2472,2479,2486,2493,2500,2507,2514,2521,2528,2535,2542,2549,2556,2563,2570,2577,2584,2591,2598,2605,2612,2682,2779,2814,2926,2996,3066,3136,3275],{"_33":2333,"_35":2334},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2335,"_41":282,"_43":2336,"_67":2337,"_69":2338,"_71":70},"XYF1sRch",{},[],"[Source: AUG. 24/11:00-12:30/GOLD ROOM 84 • ACM 20th National Conference/1965 SESSION 4: Complex Information Processing T. H. Nelson Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N.Y. ]",{"_33":2340,"_35":2341},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2342,"_41":282,"_43":2343,"_67":2344,"_69":2345,"_71":70},"LSUAdnex",{},[],"THE KINDS OF FILE structures required if we are to use the computer for personal files and as an adjunct to creativity are wholly different in character from those customary in business and scientific data processing. They need to provide the capacity for intricate and idiosyncratic arrangements, total modifiability, undecided alternatives, and thorough internal documentation.",{"_33":2347,"_35":2348},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2349,"_41":282,"_43":2350,"_67":2351,"_69":2352,"_71":70},"PUc18Zjn",{},[],"The original idea was to make a file for writers and scientists, much like the personal side of Bush's Memex, that would do the things such people need with the richness they would want. But there are so many possible specific functions that the mind reels. These uses and considerations become so complex that the only answer is a simple and generalized building-block structure, user-oriented and wholly general-purpose.",{"_33":2354,"_35":2355},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2356,"_41":282,"_43":2357,"_67":2358,"_69":2359,"_71":70},"rKcvID-D",{},[],"The resulting file structure is explained and examples of its use are given. It bears generic similarities to list-processing systems but is slower and bigger. It employs zippered lists plus certain facilities for modification and spin-off of variations. This is technically accomplished by index manipulation and text patching, but to the user it acts like a multifarious, polymorphic, many-dimensional, infinite blackboard.",{"_33":2361,"_35":2362},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2363,"_41":282,"_43":2364,"_67":2365,"_69":2366,"_71":70},"tbcRmSb4",{},[],"The ramifications of this approach extend well beyond its original concerns, into such places as information retrieval and library science, motion pictures and the programming craft; for it is almost everywhere necessary to deal with deep structural changes in the arrangements of ideas and things.",{"_33":2368,"_35":2369},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2370,"_41":282,"_43":2371,"_67":2372,"_69":2373,"_71":70},"Z1Qivyss",{},[],"I want to explain how some ideas developed and what they are. The original problem was to specify a computer system for personal information retrieval and documentation, able to do some rather complicated things in clear and simple ways. The investigation gathered generality, however, and has eventuated in a number of ideas. These are an information structure, a file structure, and a file language, each progressively more complicated. The information structure I call zippered lists; the file structure is the ELF, or ]Evolutionary Lis't File; and the file language (proposed) is called PRIDE.",{"_33":2375,"_35":2376},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2377,"_41":282,"_43":2378,"_67":2379,"_69":2380,"_71":70},"mpmbIbW4",{},[],"In this paper I will explain the original problem. Then I will explain why the problem is not simple, and why the solution (a file structure) must yet be very simple. The file structure suggested here is the Evolutionary List File, to be built of zippered lists. A number of uses will be suggested for such a file, to show the breadth of its potential usefulness. Finally, I want to explain the philosophical implications of this approach for information retrieval and data structure in a changing world.",{"_33":2382,"_35":2383},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2384,"_41":282,"_43":2385,"_67":2386,"_69":2387,"_71":70},"Lb7OHzRA",{},[],"This work was begun in 1960 - without any assistance. Its purpose was to create techniques for handling personal file systems and manuscripts in progress. These two purposes are closely related and not sharply distinct. Many writers and research professionals have files or collections of notes which are tied to manuscripts in progress. Indeed, often personal files shade into manuscripts, and the assembly of textual notes becomes the writing of text without a sharp break.",{"_33":2389,"_35":2390},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2391,"_41":282,"_43":2392,"_67":2393,"_69":2394,"_71":70},"LFdaUqkz",{},[],"I knew from my own experiment what can be done for these purposes with card file, notebook, index tabs, edge-punching, file folders, scissors and paste, graphic boards, index-strip frames, Xerox machine and the roll-top desk. My intent was not merely to computerize these tasks but to think out (and eventually program) the dream file: the file system that would have every feature a novelist or absent-minded professor could want, holding everything he wanted in just the complicated way he wanted it held, and handling notes and manuscripts in as subtle and complex ways as he wanted them handled.",{"_33":2396,"_35":2397},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2398,"_41":282,"_43":2399,"_67":2400,"_69":2401,"_71":70},"ZL16mUB_",{},[],"Only a few obstacles impede our using computer-based systems for these purposes. These have been high cost, little sense of need, and uncertainty about system design.",{"_33":2403,"_35":2404},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2405,"_41":282,"_43":2406,"_67":2407,"_69":2408,"_71":70},"x4_yva5-",{},[],"The costs are now down considerably. A small computer with mass memory and video-type display now costs $37,000; amortized over time this would cost less than a secretary, and several people could use it around the clock. A larger installation servicing an editorial office or a newspaper morgue, or a dozen scientists or scholars, could cost proportionately less and give more time to each user.",{"_33":2410,"_35":2411},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2412,"_41":282,"_43":2413,"_67":2414,"_69":2415,"_71":70},"tbiZYrGw",{},[],"The second obstacle, sense of need, Is a matter of fashion. Despite changing economies, it is fashionably believed that computers are possessed only by huge organizations to be used only for vast corporate tasks or intricate scientific calculations. As long as people think that, machines will be brutes and not friends, bureaucrats and not helpmates. But since (as I will indicate) computers could do the dirty work of personal file and text handling, and do it with richness and subtlety beyond anything we know, there ought to be a sense of need. Unfortunately, there are no ascertainable statistics on the amount of time we waste fussing among papers and mislaying things. Surely half the time spent in writing is spent physically rearranging words and paper and trying to find things already written; if 95% of this time could be saved, it would only take half as long to write something.",{"_33":2417,"_35":2418},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2419,"_41":282,"_43":2420,"_67":2421,"_69":2422,"_71":70},"3Ec67mSH",{},[],"The third obstacle, design, is the only substantive one, the one to which this paper speaks.",{"_33":2424,"_35":2425},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2426,"_41":282,"_43":2427,"_67":2428,"_69":2429,"_71":70},"GLlaNPbS",{},[],"Let me speak first of the automatic personal filing system. This idea is by no means new. To go back only as far as 1945, Vannevar Bush, in his famous article \"As We May Think \"1 , described a system of this type. Bush's paper is better remembered for its predictions in the field of information retrieval, as he foresaw the spread and power of automatic document handling and the many new indexing techniques it would necessitate. But note his predictions for personal filing:",{"_33":2431,"_35":2432},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2433,"_41":282,"_43":2434,"_67":2435,"_69":2436,"_71":70},"34I-c2bl",{},[],"\"Consider a future device for individual use, which is a sort of mechanized private file and library. It needs a name, and, to coin one at random, \"memex\" will do. A memex is a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate~ supplement to his memory.",{"_33":2438,"_35":2439},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2440,"_41":282,"_43":2441,"_67":2442,"_69":2443,"_71":70},"qfIjtMrs",{},[],"\"It consists of a desk, and while it can pres~mebly be operated from a distance, it is primarily the piece of furniture at which he works. On the top are slanting translucent screens, on which material can be projected for convenient reading. There is a keyboard, and sets of buttons and levers. Otherwise it looks like an ordinary desk.",{"_33":2445,"_35":2446},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2447,"_41":282,"_43":2448,"_67":2449,"_69":2450,"_71":70},"iaQSpfap",{},[],"\"A special button transfers him immediately to the first page of the index. Any given book of his library / and presumably other textual material, such as notes/ can thus be called up and consulted with far greater facility than if it were taken from a shelf. As he has several projection positions, he can leave one item in position while he calls up another. He can add marginal notes and comments, .... \" (i, 106-7)",{"_33":2452,"_35":2453},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2454,"_41":282,"_43":2455,"_67":2456,"_69":2457,"_71":70},"WR3BJhXd",{},[],"Understanding that such a machine required new kinds of filing arrangements, Bush stressed his file's ability to store related materials in associative trails, lists or chains of documents joined together.",{"_33":2459,"_35":2460},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2461,"_41":282,"_43":2462,"_67":2463,"_69":2464,"_71":70},"aqdQeHU1",{},[],"\"When the user is building a trail, he names it, inserts the name in his code book, and taps it out on his keyboard. Before him are the two items to be joined, projected onto adjacent viewing positions. At the bottom of each there are a number of blank code spaces, and a pointer is set to indicate one of these on each item. The user taps a single key, and the items are permanently joined ....",{"_33":2466,"_35":2467},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2468,"_41":282,"_43":2469,"_67":2470,"_69":2471,"_71":70},"nLbezgSK",{},[],"\"Thereafter, at any time, when one of these items is in view, the other can be instantly recalled merely by tapping a button below the corresponding code space. Moreover, when numerous items have been thus joined together to form a trail, they can be reviewed in turn, rapidly or slowly, by deflecting a lever like that used for turning the pages of a book. It is exactly as though the physical items had been gathered together from widely separated sources and bound together to form a new book. It is more than this, for any item can be joined into numerous trails ....",{"_33":2473,"_35":2474},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2475,"_41":282,"_43":2476,"_67":2477,"_69":2478,"_71":70},"grmPYWGl",{},[],"\"Thus he goes, building a trail of many items. Occasionally he inserts a comment of his own, either linking it into the main trail or joining it by a side trail to a particular item .... \" (1, 107)",{"_33":2480,"_35":2481},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2482,"_41":282,"_43":2483,"_67":2484,"_69":2485,"_71":70},"_edI3oUg",{},[],"Two decades later, this machine is still unavailable*.",{"_33":2487,"_35":2488},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2489,"_41":282,"_43":2490,"_67":2491,"_69":2492,"_71":70},"NNOWzSFE",{},[],"The hardware is ready. Standard computers can handle huge bodies of written information, storing them on magnetic recording media and displaying their contents on CRT consoles, which far outshine desktop projectors. But no programs, no file software are standing ready to do the intricate filing job (keeping track of associative trails and other stKuctures) Ithat the active scientist or thinker wants and needs. While WallaceZ reports that the System Development Corporation has found it worthwhile to give its employees certain limited computer facilities for their own filing systems, this is a bare beginning.",{"_33":2494,"_35":2495},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2496,"_41":282,"_43":2497,"_67":2498,"_69":2499,"_71":70},"s_rj_pYb",{},[],"Let us consider the other desideratum, manuscript handling. The remarks that follow are intended to apply to all forms of writing, including fiction, philosophy, sermons, news and technical writing.",{"_33":2501,"_35":2502},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2503,"_41":282,"_43":2504,"_67":2505,"_69":2506,"_71":70},"rxIEh9Rs",{},[],"The problems of writing are little understood, even by writers. Systems analysis in this area is scanty; as elsewhere, the best doers may not understand what they do. Although there is considerable anecdote and lore about the different physical manuscript and file techniques of different authors, literary tradition demerits any concern with technical systems as detracting from \"creativity.\" (Conversely, technical people do not always appreciate the difficulty of organizing text, since in technical writing much of the organization and phraseology is given, or appears to be.) But in the computer sciences we are profoundly aware of the importance of systems details, and of the variety of consequences for both quality and quantity of work that result from different systems. Yet to design and evaluate systems for writing, we need to know what the process of writing is.",{"_33":2508,"_35":2509},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2510,"_41":282,"_43":2511,"_67":2512,"_69":2513,"_71":70},"Ik6nj42Y",{},[],"There are three false or inadequate theories of how writing is properly done. The first is that writing is a matter of inspiration. While inspiration is useful, it is rarely enough in itself. \"Writing is 10% inspiration, 90% perspiration,\" is a common saying. But this leads us to the second false theory, that \"writing consists of applying the seat of the pants to the seat of the chair.\" Insofar as sitting facilitates work, this view seems reasonable, but it also suggests that what is done while sitting is a matter of comparative indifference; probably not.",{"_33":2515,"_35":2516},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2517,"_41":282,"_43":2518,"_67":2519,"_69":2520,"_71":70},"VYSxYixk",{},[],"The third false theory is that all you really need is a good outline, created on prior consideration, and that if the outline is correctly followed the required text will be produced. For most good writers this theory is quite wrong. Rarely does the original outline predict well what headings and sequence will create the effects desired: the balance of emphasis, sequence of interrelating points, texture of insight, rhythm, etc. We may better call the outlining process inductive: certain interrelations appear to the author in the material itself, some at the outset and some as he works. He can only decide which to emphasize, which to use as unifying ideas and principles, and which to slight or delete, by trying. Outlines in general are spurious, made up after the fact by examining the segmentation of a finished work. If a finished work clearly follows an outline, that online probably has been han~nered out of many inspirations, comparisons and tests .",{"_33":2522,"_35":2523},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2524,"_41":282,"_43":2525,"_67":2526,"_69":2527,"_71":70},"1OWtMclV",{},[],"Between the inspirations, then, and during the sitting, the task of writing is one of rearrangement and reprocessing, and the real outline develops slowly. The original ~rude or fragmentary texts created at the outset generally undergo many revision processes before they are finished. Intellectually they are pondere~ juxtaposed, compared, adapted, transposed, and judged; mechanically they are copied, overwritten with revision markings, rearranged and copied again. This cycle may be repeated many times. The whole grows by trial and error in the processes of arrangement, comparison and retrenchment. By examining and mentally noting many different versions, some whole but most fragmentary the intertwining and organizing of the final written work gradually takes place***.",{"_33":2529,"_35":2530},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2531,"_41":282,"_43":2532,"_67":2533,"_69":2534,"_71":70},"Qi8odcDV",{},[],"Certain things have been done in the area of computer manuscript handling. IBM recently announced its \"Administrative Terminal System\"5,6,7, 8 which permits the storage of unfinished sections of text in computer memory, permits various modifications by the user, and types up the final draft with page numbers, right justification and headers.",{"_33":2536,"_35":2537},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2538,"_41":282,"_43":2539,"_67":2540,"_69":2541,"_71":70},"uLpDxBlL",{},[],"While this is a good thing, its function for manuscripts is cosmetic rather than organizing. Such a system can be used only with textual sections which are already well organized, the visible part of the iceberg. The major and strenuous part of such writing must already have been done.",{"_33":2543,"_35":2544},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2545,"_41":282,"_43":2546,"_67":2547,"_69":2548,"_71":70},"1BMXyKIC",{},[],"If a writer is really to be helped by an automated system, it ought to do more than retype and transpose: it should stand by him during the early periods of muddled confusion, when his ideas are scraps, fragments, phrases, and contradictory overall designs. And it must help him through to the final draft with every feasible mechanical aid-- making the fragments easy to find, and making easier the tentative sequencing and juxtaposing and comparing.",{"_33":2550,"_35":2551},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2552,"_41":282,"_43":2553,"_67":2554,"_69":2555,"_71":70},"XvRhpM44",{},[],"It was for these two purposes, taken together-- personal filing and manuscript assembly-- that the following specifications were drawn up.",{"_33":2557,"_35":2558},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2559,"_41":282,"_43":2560,"_67":2561,"_69":2562,"_71":70},"9eRQ7C_g",{},[],"Here were the preliminary specifications of the system: It would provide an up-to-date index of its own contents (supplanting the \"code book\" suggested by Bush). It would accept large and growing bodies of text and commentary, listed in such complex forms as the user might stipulate. No hierarchical file relations were to be built in; the system would hold any shape imposed on it. It would file texts in any form and arrangement desired-- combining, at will, the functions of the card file, loose-leaf notebook, and so on. It would file under an unlimited number of categories. It would provide for filing in Bush trails. Besides the file entries themselves, it would hold co~mnentaries and explanations connected with them. These annotations would help the writer or scholar keep track of his previous ideas, reactions and plans, often confusingly forgotten.",{"_33":2564,"_35":2565},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2566,"_41":282,"_43":2567,"_67":2568,"_69":2569,"_71":70},"9myc6c-r",{},[],"In addition to these static facilities, the system would have various provisions for change. The user must be able to change both the contents of his file and the way they are arranged. Facilities would be available for the revising and rewording of text. Moreover, changes in the arrangements of the file's component parts should be possible, including changes in sequence, labelling, indexing and comments.",{"_33":2571,"_35":2572},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2573,"_41":282,"_43":2574,"_67":2575,"_69":2576,"_71":70},"tD5TybwB",{},[],"It was also intended that the system would allow index manipulations which we may call dynamic outlining (or dynamic ~indexing). Dynamic outlining uses the change in one text sequence to guide an automatic change in another text sequence. That is, changing an outline (or an index) changes the sequence of the main text which is linked with it. This would permit a writer to create new drafts with a relatively small amount of effort, not counting rewordings.",{"_33":2578,"_35":2579},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2580,"_41":282,"_43":2581,"_67":2582,"_69":2583,"_71":70},"zmcZdmQl",{},[],"However, because it is necessary to examine changes and new arrangements before deciding to use or keep them, the system must not commit the user to a new version until he is ready. Indeed, the system would have to provide spin-off facilities, allowing a draft of a work to be preserved while its successor was created. Consequently the system must be able to hold several-- in fact, many-- different versions of the same sets of materials. Moreover, these alternate versions would remain indexed to one another, so that however he might have changed their sequences, the user could compare their equivalent parts.",{"_33":2585,"_35":2586},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2587,"_41":282,"_43":2588,"_67":2589,"_69":2590,"_71":70},"6oQck4er",{},[],"Three particular features, then, would be specially adapted to useful change. The system would be able to sustain changers in the bulk and block arrangements of its contents. It would permit dynamic outlining. And it would permit the spinoff of many different drafts, either successors or variants, all to remainwithin the file for comparison or use as long as needed. These features we may call evolutionary.",{"_33":2592,"_35":2593},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2594,"_41":282,"_43":2595,"_67":2596,"_69":2597,"_71":70},"83Wwrsk7",{},[],"The last specification, of course, one that emerged from all the others, was that it should not be complicated.",{"_33":2599,"_35":2600},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2601,"_41":282,"_43":2602,"_67":2603,"_69":2604,"_71":70},"OEn5EZSC",{},[],"These were the original desiderata. It was not expected at first that a system for this purpose would have wider scope of application; these jobs seemed to be quite enough. As work continued, however, the structure began to look more simple, powerful and general, and a variety of new possible uses appeared. It became apparent that the System might be suited to many unplanned applications involving multiple categories, text summaries or other parallel documents, complex data structures requiring human attention, and files whose relations would be in continuing change.",{"_33":2606,"_35":2607},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2608,"_41":282,"_43":2609,"_67":2610,"_69":2611,"_71":70},"g9s62Dw_",{},[],"Note that in the discussion that follows we will pretend we can simply see into the machine, and not worry for the present about how we can actually see, understand and manipulate these files. These are problems of housekeeping, I/0 and display, for which many solutions are possible.",{"_33":2613,"_35":2677},[2614,2621,2628,2635,2642,2649,2656,2663,2670],{"_33":2615,"_35":2616},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2617,"_41":282,"_43":2618,"_67":2619,"_69":2620,"_71":70},"50U-4Q6p",{},[],"What was required we may call an evolutionary file structure: a file structure that can be shaped into various forms, changed from one arrangement to another in accordance with the user's changing need. It was apparent also that some type of list structure was necessary. Making the file out of lists would allow different categories of personal notes, separate drafts, outlines and master indices all to be handled as lists of some sort; their segments could then be manipulated through automatic handling of index numbers. The resulting file structure I will, accordingly, call the Evolutionary List File, or ELF, since it is an evolutionary file structure constructed with lists. The system proposed here is not the only ELF possible. It is built upon a specific technique of attaching lists together which has a natural resistance to becoming confused and messy.",{"_33":2622,"_35":2623},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2624,"_41":282,"_43":2625,"_67":2626,"_69":2627,"_71":70},"Ys5cFmxC",{},[],"As computer-based systems grow in capability and diversity of uses, they tend to become more and more cluttered with niggling complications, hidden passageways, and lurking, detailed interlocks, restrictions, specializations, provisos. These should be forsworn, if possible, in the system under discussion, so that it might be attractive to laymen (including artists and writers) who feel unkindly disposed toward computers. It should readily adapt to their own styles of handling things, imposing few conventions or methods of use. How could this imposition be avoided? And among so many interesting and possible system functions and file relations, how may the users know what connections to make, how may they understand what they are doing, and how may they avoid muddling and losing the things they are working with?",{"_33":2629,"_35":2630},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2631,"_41":282,"_43":2632,"_67":2633,"_69":2634,"_71":70},"dkkglbl1",{},[],"The answer, I think you see, is to choose a very simple structure that can be used and compounded in many different ways. The basic arrangement chosen for these purposes is an information structure I will refer to as zippered lists. (We might call it permutation-invariant one-for-one inter-list entry-linking, but that is not necessary.)",{"_33":2636,"_35":2637},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2638,"_41":282,"_43":2639,"_67":2640,"_69":2641,"_71":70},"adyWF1ze",{},[],"There are only three kinds of things in the zippered-list ELF, with no predetermined relations among them-- no hierarchies, machine-based features or trick exceptions. The system is user-oriented and open-faced, and its clear and simple rules may be adapted to all purposes.",{"_33":2643,"_35":2644},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2645,"_41":282,"_43":2646,"_67":2647,"_69":2648,"_71":70},"Ts1nfhXQ",{},[],"The ELF has three elements: entries, lists and links. An entry is a discrete unit of information designated by the user. It can be a piece of text (long or short), a string of symbols, a picture or a control designation for physical objects or operations.",{"_33":2650,"_35":2651},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2652,"_41":282,"_43":2653,"_67":2654,"_69":2655,"_71":70},"49jb63ve",{},[],"A list is an ordered set of entries designated by the user. A given entry may be in any number of lists.",{"_33":2657,"_35":2658},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2659,"_41":282,"_43":2660,"_67":2661,"_69":2662,"_71":70},"j4TmbHCR",{},[],"A link is a connector, designated by the user, between two particular entries which are in different lists; Figure I. An entry in one list may be linked to only one entry in another list.",{"_33":2664,"_35":2665},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2666,"_41":282,"_43":2667,"_67":2668,"_69":2669,"_71":70},"bTy60-BH",{},[],"On the left we see two zippered lists. Between the entries of list A and those of B are dashed lines, representing the links between the two lists. On the right is the table of links as it might look to a machine. The machine can read this table from right to left or left to right, finding entries in B that correspond to given entries in A, or vice versa. A change in the sequence of either list, or additions to either list, will not: change the links that stand between them. Changes in the link structure will occur only if the user specifically changes the links, or if he destroys entries which are linked to others.",{"_33":2671,"_35":2672},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2673,"_41":282,"_43":2674,"_67":2675,"_69":2676,"_71":70},"Gm2FAclR",{},[],"To be technical, then, two lists are zippered if there are any pairwise links between their respective elements, each element is in no more than one link pair, and these links are unaffected by permutation of the lists, remaining affixed to the same pairs of elements. It is not required that the two lists be of the same length, or, even if they are, that all entries have a link to the other list.",{"_37":482,"_39":2678,"_41":282,"_43":2679,"_67":2680,"_69":2681,"_71":70},"wDZc2s7b",{},[],"Elements of the ELF",{"_33":2683,"_35":2774},[2684,2691,2706,2722,2737,2753,2760,2767],{"_33":2685,"_35":2686},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2687,"_41":282,"_43":2688,"_67":2689,"_69":2690,"_71":70},"jUnrNB7J",{},[],"Zippered lists are an information structure; the Evolutionary List File is a file structure. The ELF described in this paper holds its contents exclusively as zippered (or unzippered) lists. But the file structure must also include a set of operations by which it may be modified. These file operations exist for creating, adjusting or removing the entry, list and link, and for manipulating the sequence relation. An ELF is actually any machine which will, on command, carry out the basic operations on entry, list, link and sequence.",{"_33":2692,"_35":2693},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2694,"_41":282,"_43":2695,"_67":2696,"_69":2705,"_71":70},"Uo0aqLc1",{},[2697,2701],{"_37":943,"_450":2698,"_453":2699,"_43":2700,"_71":70},[138],[406],{},{"_37":526,"_450":2702,"_453":2703,"_43":2704,"_71":70},[138],[406],{},"Entries**.** The user may create new entries at any time, putting anything in them that he thinks appropriate. Entries ~y be combined or divided (unless indivisible, like objects, commands, etc.) Entries may be put in any list, and the same entry may be put in different lists. The user may direct that entries of one list be automatically copied onto another list, without affecting the original list.",{"_33":2707,"_35":2708},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2709,"_41":282,"_43":2710,"_67":2711,"_69":2721,"_71":70},"WYIKHmRk",{},[2712,2717],{"_37":943,"_450":2713,"_453":2714,"_43":2716,"_71":70},[138],[2715],5,{},{"_37":526,"_450":2718,"_453":2719,"_43":2720,"_71":70},[138],[2715],{},"Lists. The user may create lists and assign entries to them. He may at will make new copies of lists. He may rearrange the sequence of a list, or copy the list and change the sequence of that copy. Lists may be combined; lists may be cut into sublists.",{"_33":2723,"_35":2724},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2725,"_41":282,"_43":2726,"_67":2727,"_69":2736,"_71":70},"ja47TNVN",{},[2728,2732],{"_37":943,"_450":2729,"_453":2730,"_43":2731,"_71":70},[138],[2715],{},{"_37":526,"_450":2733,"_453":2734,"_43":2735,"_71":70},[138],[2715],{},"Links. Ths user may create links between entries that are in different lists. Any number of legal links may be created, although the upper limit of links between any two lists is determined by the l-for-I rule. When an entry or a list is copied into a list, links will remain between parent and daughter entries. Moreover, after a list-copying operation, the daughter list will have the same links to all other lists as does the parent list.",{"_33":2738,"_35":2739},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2740,"_41":282,"_43":2741,"_67":2742,"_69":2752,"_71":70},"QeUcKKO1",{},[2743,2748],{"_37":943,"_450":2744,"_453":2745,"_43":2747,"_71":70},[138],[2746],9,{},{"_37":526,"_450":2749,"_453":2750,"_43":2751,"_71":70},[138],[2746],{},"Sequences. The user may put a list in any sequence he wishes. (A copied list will maintain the original sequence until modified.) Sequences may be transferred between lists via the links: if the sequence of A is transferred to B, each entry of A linked to an entry in B takes tile sequential position of its linked entry in B.",{"_33":2754,"_35":2755},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2756,"_41":282,"_43":2757,"_67":2758,"_69":2759,"_71":70},"BZaEupmx",{},[],"No definite meaning is assigned to these entities or operations by the system; the user is free to let them mean anything he likes. A list may be a category, trail, index, dialogue, catalogue or poem, and lists may be assembled into larger structures. The ELF may be thought of as a place; not a machine, but a piece of stationery or office equipment with many little locations which may be rearranged with regard to one another****.",{"_33":2761,"_35":2762},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2763,"_41":282,"_43":2764,"_67":2765,"_69":2766,"_71":70},"NVuJx_Bu",{},[],"Note that zippered lists generate only one of various possible Evolutionary List Files. Indeed, the description of the file structure given here is in some ways restrictive: the ELF could take a number of other, closely similar forms and still be much the same thing. For example, it would be possible to allow subentries and superentries into the file, to behave and link up like normal entries, even though they contained or were contained in other entries. But the equivalent can be done with the current system. Another possibility would be to allow links other than 1-for-l; these could be modal, the different link-modes having different meanings to the user. Or we might make it an evolutionary network file, allowing any two entries to be connected. Or, besides such general changes in the rules, plausible changes and accessory functions for any purposes could be introduced outside the given file structure, even including modifications and widgets to do some of the same things \"more easily.\"",{"_33":2768,"_35":2769},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2770,"_41":282,"_43":2771,"_67":2772,"_69":2773,"_71":70},"DiP2Qcqn",{},[],"But to the user such complication might render the system far less handy or perspicuous. The ELF, with its associated techniques as described above, is simple and unified. Many tasks can be handled within the file structure. This means it can be of particular benefit to people who want to learn without complications and use it in ways they understand. For psychological, rather than technical reasons, the system should be lucid and simple. I believe that this ELF best meets these requirements.",{"_37":482,"_39":2775,"_41":282,"_43":2776,"_67":2777,"_69":2778,"_71":70},"twcRd193",{},[],"The ELF's File Operations",{"_33":2780,"_35":2809},[2781,2788,2795,2802],{"_33":2782,"_35":2783},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2784,"_41":282,"_43":2785,"_67":2786,"_69":2787,"_71":70},"xVp10V6x",{},[],"Since the ELF description above bears some resemblance to the list languages, such as IPL, SLIP, etc., a distinction should be drawn. These list languages ~ are particularly suited to processing data, fast and iteratively, whose elements are manipulable in Newell-Shaw-Simon lists. Essentially they my be thought of as organizations of memory which facilitate sequential operations on unpredictably branching or hierarchical data. These data may change far too quickly for human intervention. Evolutionary file structures, and the ELF in particular, are designed to be changed piecemeal by a human individual. While it might be convenient to program an ELF in one of these languages, the low speed at which user file commands need to be executed makes such high-powered implementation unnecessary; the main problem is to keep track of the file's arrangements, not to perform computation on its contents. Although work has been done to accomodate the list-language approach to larger chunks of material than usual I0, the things people will want to put into an ELF will typically be too big for core memory.",{"_33":2789,"_35":2790},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2791,"_41":282,"_43":2792,"_67":2793,"_69":2794,"_71":70},"XvLHpeZJ",{},[],"The ELF does in fact share some of the problems of the list languages: not available-storage accounting or garbage collection (concerns associated with organization of fast memory for processing, which may be avoided at slower speeds), but the problems of checkout for disposal (what other lists is an entry on?) and list naming. The former problem is rather straightforwardly solved II, P\" 164; the latter is complicated in ways we cannot cover here.",{"_33":2796,"_35":2797},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2798,"_41":282,"_43":2799,"_67":2800,"_69":2801,"_71":70},"XjfzIq33",{},[],"The ELF appears to be closest, topologically and in other organizing features, to the Multilist system described by Prywes and Gray 12. Like that system, it permits putting entries in many different lists at once. However, in current intent 13 that system is firmly hierarchical, and thus somewhat removed from the ELF's scope of application. Another closely related system is the Integrated Data Store of Bachmanl 4,15,16,17,18; this is intended as a hardware-software system for disc I/0 and storage arrangement, but in its details it seems the ELF's close relative. Each of these systems has a connection logic that might be feasible as a basis for an ELF different from this one. Or, either might prove a convenient programming base for the implementation of this file structure.",{"_33":2803,"_35":2804},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2805,"_41":282,"_43":2806,"_67":2807,"_69":2808,"_71":70},"hHtIze5D",{},[],"Another obvious technical question must be considered. How can the ELF allow \"unlimited\" copies of entries and lists? By patching techniques, of course. Variant entries and lists can take virtually no space, being modification data plus pointers to the original. When a modified version of a list or entry is created, the machine patches the original with the changes necessary to make the modified version: Figure 2.",{"_37":482,"_39":2810,"_41":282,"_43":2811,"_67":2812,"_69":2813,"_71":70},"9CEb7iet",{},[],"Technical Aspects",{"_33":2815,"_35":2921},[2816,2823,2830,2837,2844,2851,2858,2865,2872,2879,2886,2893,2900,2907,2914],{"_33":2817,"_35":2818},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2819,"_41":282,"_43":2820,"_67":2821,"_69":2822,"_71":70},"v8BHYmui",{},[],"In the discussion that follows, we will examine various possible applications of zippered lists and the ELF, and postpone discussing the file language they require. Finally we will return to this problem, and describe the file language PRIDE whose additional features are neededto adapt the ELF for the uses originally discussed.",{"_33":2824,"_35":2825},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2826,"_41":282,"_43":2827,"_67":2828,"_69":2829,"_71":70},"eQoeI8qL",{},[],"By assigning entries to lists, the ELF may be used as a glorified card file, with separate lists used for categories, trails, etc. This permits extensive cross-indexing by the assignment of one entry to different lists. It permits subsets and sub-sequences for any use to be held apart and examined without disturbing the lists from which they have been drawn, by copying them onto other, new lists. The ELF permits the filing of historical trails or associative (Bush) trails through documents, business correspondence, belles-lettres, case law, treaties, scholarly fields and history, and the mixture of trail with categorical filing.",{"_33":2831,"_35":2832},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2833,"_41":282,"_43":2834,"_67":2835,"_69":2836,"_71":70},"wMrr4E4J",{},[],"These are the simple uses; the compound uses are much more interesting. But since we cannot intuitively fit every possible conceptual relationship into zippered lists, imaginative use is necessary. Remember that there is no correct way to use the system. Given its structure, the user may figure out any method useful to him. A number of different arrangements can be constructed in the ELF, using only the basic elements of entry, list and link. Zippered lists may be assembled into rectangular arrays, lattices and more intricate configurations. These assemblies of lists may be assigned meaning in combination by the user, and the system will permit them to be stored, displayed, taken apart for examination, and corrected, updated, or modified.",{"_33":2838,"_35":2839},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2840,"_41":282,"_43":2841,"_67":2842,"_69":2843,"_71":70},"pFt1VreJ",{},[],"By using such combining arrangements on lists composed of text, the file can be self-documenting, with all labelling and documentation kept integrally within the file structure. It is thus possible to incorporate, in a body of information filed in the ELF, various levels of index, summary, explanation, and commentary. Many useful ways of listing and linking such documentation are possible. In Figure 3 we see some of the ways that documentary lists may be linked together. The lists shown are outline, suboutline, draft, subdraft, summary, commentary and source list. These are not all the possible types of documentary lists; for example, \"footnotes\" are omitted. The ELF will permit any number of these documentary lists; for example, \"footnotes\" are omitted. The ELF will permit any number of these documentary lists; observe that they can be built on one another, and indefinitely compounded. The system will have no trouble accepting a commentary on a commentary on a subdraft of an outline for a variant list of source materials.",{"_33":2845,"_35":2846},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2847,"_41":282,"_43":2848,"_67":2849,"_69":2850,"_71":70},"x3-LQR8L",{},[],"Figure 3 shows also how two lists may contain some of the same entries. The dashed line represents linkage between entries, the solid line shows that both lists contain the same entry. This may be useful for creating alternate versions, or, as in this example, the lists containing the same entry may have different purposes. Here, for instance, an entry in the summary is also to be found in the main draft.",{"_33":2852,"_35":2853},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2854,"_41":282,"_43":2855,"_67":2856,"_69":2857,"_71":70},"jkhhaXSF",{},[],"This self-documentation feature permits any string of text in the ELF, long or short, to be annotated or footnoted for scholarly or other purposes. Such marginalia can be temporary or permanent, for the private memoranda of an individual or for communication among different persons using the file.",{"_33":2859,"_35":2860},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2861,"_41":282,"_43":2862,"_67":2863,"_69":2864,"_71":70},"8kqVAFAr",{},[],"In a like manner, the ELF is capable of storing many texts in parallel, if they are equivalent or linked in some way. For example, instruction manuals for different models o~ the same machine may be kept in the file as linked lists, and referred to when machines are to be compared, used or fixed. This is of special use to repairmen, project managers and technical writers.",{"_33":2866,"_35":2867},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2868,"_41":282,"_43":2869,"_67":2870,"_69":2871,"_71":70},"iPRWTGod",{},[],"Moreover, the ELF's cross-sequencing feature -- the fact that links ignore permutations-- permits the collation of very different cognate textual materials for comparison and understanding. In law, this would help in comparing statutes (or whole legal systems); in literature, variorum editions and parodies. Thus such bodies as the Interpreter's Bible and a Total Shakespeare (incorporating Folios, bowdlerizations, satires and all critical commentary) could be assembled for study.",{"_33":2873,"_35":2874},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2875,"_41":282,"_43":2876,"_67":2877,"_69":2878,"_71":70},"VemIZRIl",{},[],"Let me try to illustrate the possible comprehensiveness and versatility of this file structure as applied to texts. Figure 4 shows the different arrangements that might be used by one man-- in this case an historian writing a book-- to assemble and integrate his intellectual and professional concerns. Although it is impossible to show the links between all the separate entries of these lists-- the entries are not themselves discernible in this drawing-- it is possible to note the kinds of links between lists. A thin line between lists shows that some links exist; a solid line indicates that some entries of both lists are the same.",{"_33":2880,"_35":2881},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2882,"_41":282,"_43":2883,"_67":2884,"_69":2885,"_71":70},"yydedsEL",{},[],"Perhaps this looks complicated. In fact, each of the connectors shows an indexing of one body of information to another; this user may query his file in any direction along these links, and look up the parts of one list which are related to parts of another. Therefore the lines mean knowledge and order. Note that in such uses it is the man's job to draw the connections, not the machine's. The machine is a repository and not a judge.",{"_33":2887,"_35":2888},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2889,"_41":282,"_43":2890,"_67":2891,"_69":2892,"_71":70},"OhPz96nj",{},[],"The ELF may be an aid to the mind in creative tasks, allowing the user to compare arrangements and alternatives with some prior ideal. This is helpful in planning nonlinear assemblages (museum exhibits, casting for a play,) or linear constructions of any kind. Such linear constructions include not only written texts; they can be any complicated sequences of things, such as motion pictures (in the editing stage) and computer programs.",{"_33":2894,"_35":2895},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2896,"_41":282,"_43":2897,"_67":2898,"_69":2899,"_71":70},"HHYmHWsn",{},[],"Indeed, computer programming with an on-line display and the ELF would have a number of advantages. Instructions might be interleaved indefinitely without resorting to tiny writing. Moreover, the programmer could keep up work on several variant approaches and versions at the same time and easily document their overall features, their relations to one another, and their corresponding parts. Adding a load-and-go compiler would create a self-documenting programming scratchpad.",{"_33":2901,"_35":2902},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2903,"_41":282,"_43":2904,"_67":2905,"_69":2906,"_71":70},"_590ZS8G",{},[],"The natural shape of information, too, may call for the ELF. For instance, sections of information often arrange themselves naturally in a lattice structure, whose strands need to be separately examined, pondered, or tested. Such lattices include PERT networks, programmed instruction sequences, history books and genealogical records. (The ELF can handle genealogical source documentation and its original text as well.) Indeed, any informational networks that require storage, handling and consideration will fit the ELF; a feature that could have applications in plant layout, social psychology, contingency planning, circuit design and itineraries.",{"_33":2908,"_35":2909},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2910,"_41":282,"_43":2911,"_67":2912,"_69":2913,"_71":70},"OEQFuxB_",{},[],"The ELF may, through its mutability:, its expansibility, and its self-documentation features, aid in the integration, understanding and channeling of ideas and problems that will not yield to ordinary analysis or customary reductions; for instance, the contingencies of planning, which are only partially Boolean. Often the reason for a so-called Grand Strategy in a setting is that we cannot keep track of the interrelations of particular contingencies. The ELF could help us understand the interrelations of possibilities, consequences, and strategic options. In a logically similar case, evaluating espionage, it might help trace consistencies and contradictions among reports from different spies.",{"_33":2915,"_35":2916},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2917,"_41":282,"_43":2918,"_67":2919,"_69":2920,"_71":70},"7Oik1zcC",{},[],"The use of an ELF as the basis for a management information system is not inconceivable. Its evolutionary capability would provide a smooth transition from the prior systems, phasing out old paperwork forms and information channels piecemeal. Beginning with conventional accounting arrays and information flow, and moving through discrete evolutionary steps, the ELF might help restructure an entire corporate system. Numerical subroutining could permit the system to encompass all bookkeeping. The addresses of all transaction papers, zippered to lists of their dates and contents, would aid in controlling shipments, inventory and cash. The ELF's cross-sequencing feature could be put to concrete uses, helping to rearrange warehouses (and the company library) by directing the printout of new labels to guide physical rearrangement. Inventories, property numbers and patents could be so catalogued and recatalogued in the ELF. Legal documents, correspondence, company facts and history could be indexed or filed in historical and category trails. And upper management could add private annotations to the public statements, reports and research of both the organization and its competitors, with amendments, qualifications, and inside dope.",{"_37":482,"_39":2922,"_41":282,"_43":2923,"_67":2924,"_69":2925,"_71":70},"XSAedf3j",{},[],"USES",{"_33":2927,"_35":2991},[2928,2935,2942,2949,2956,2963,2970,2977,2984],{"_33":2929,"_35":2930},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2931,"_41":282,"_43":2932,"_67":2933,"_69":2934,"_71":70},"TBpgvqZU",{},[],"While the ELF as described is expected to be general and useful, the original purposes described at the beginning of this paper call for certain further provisions. Now I would like to describe a desirable file and information handling language that will meet these needs, called the PRIDE (Personalized Retrieval, Indexing, and Documentation Evolutionary) System. Its purpose is to facilitate the use of an ELF. The system described is not yet implemented, nor even fully specified, but let us speak as though it is.",{"_33":2936,"_35":2937},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2938,"_41":282,"_43":2939,"_67":2940,"_69":2941,"_71":70},"YoLOJacw",{},[],"PRIDE includes the ELF operations. However, for safety and convenience nearly every operation has an inverse. The u~er must be permitted, given a list of what he has done recently, to undo it. It: follows that \"destroy\" instructions must fail safe; if given accidentally, they are to be revocable. For safety's sake, it should take several steps to throw a thing away completely. An important option would permit the user to retrace chronologically everything he does on the system.",{"_33":2943,"_35":2944},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2945,"_41":282,"_43":2946,"_67":2947,"_69":2948,"_71":70},"TtfDmblP",{},[],"Most of PRIDE's applications will involve text handling, either as a primary purpose or in the documentation of some other task. Hence a number of features exist for convenient text usage. Text handling con~ands (for modifying entries) include the equivalents of standard proofreader's marks for insertion, deletion and switching of sections.",{"_33":2950,"_35":2951},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2952,"_41":282,"_43":2953,"_67":2954,"_69":2955,"_71":70},"-YiOzFVh",{},[],"Also for text usage and user comfort, there are certain system non-restrictions. There is no practical restriction on the length of an input entry, and it need follow only the most trivial format conventions. In addition, the machine will interrupt any other PRIDE function to receive input text (inspiration mode). It is necessary that entries of unspecified length be acceptable to the system without fuss or warning. PRIDE does not stipulate fixed record lengths, either for input or storage; any such restrictions would have a psychologically cramping effect. There is no reason the system cannot appear to the user to have no fixed or standard unit lengths; the machine's operating units and sections should not concern him.",{"_33":2957,"_35":2958},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2959,"_41":282,"_43":2960,"_67":2961,"_69":2962,"_71":70},"f1ka6_yC",{},[],"Ideally, neither the length of entries, the number of lists, or any other parameter of a file is restricted by anything but the absolute size of all memory. This is a difficult requirement for the progra~ner. Routinely, however, the system should be able to accept entries thousands of characters long, accept hundreds of entries to a list, and accept hundreds of lists in the file. Otherwise, extraneous consideration by the user of whether there's room to add material or try out an offshoot begins to interfere with the system's use.",{"_33":2964,"_35":2965},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2966,"_41":282,"_43":2967,"_67":2968,"_69":2969,"_71":70},"rn5-scNj",{},[],"Although I have avoided discussing the means by which the user sees his file, PRIDE must, of course, have functions and con~nands for .this purpose. For a CRT these include quick lookup schemes 19, preferably with moving menus and means of readily changing the hierarchy of lookup structure; as well as visual cuing and mnemonic formats, including cursor maneuvers, overlays and animated wipes and other transitions. But such glamorous features do not reduce the challenge or worth of working through a line printer, or seeking to make the system useful under a batchprocessing monitor.",{"_33":2971,"_35":2972},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2973,"_41":282,"_43":2974,"_67":2975,"_69":2976,"_71":70},"-JZgp06o",{},[],"Many instructions aside from those already mentioned will be needed by the user; particular applications will require such operations as text lookup and integer arithmetic. And surely all the uses of the system have not been anticipated. Hence a subroutining facility is to be available, reaching to assembly language or opening into the machine's other languages. This could be used for processing the file's contents (e.g., numbers or character strings), or for creating more convenient combined operations out of the different operations dealing with file structure, input-output and text.",{"_33":2978,"_35":2979},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2980,"_41":282,"_43":2981,"_67":2982,"_69":2983,"_71":70},"fEtgYW0R",{},[],"PRIDE is one possible way to make an ELF, or any evolutionary file structure, useful. PRIDE would be a foreground, free-standing language with the primary mission of handling files and manuscripts, as discussed at the beginning, and secondary applications in ordering and documenting other kinds of complex information. Its major use would presumably be in connection with time-shared display and information systems. But such a language is only one suggestion. Actually, there is not much reason that the ELF could not be made a standard file structure for all purposes; unused capabilities would not intrude, but would still be there if unexpectedly wanted. ELF systems could be built into the file capabilities of general utility software. The actual computation involved is relatively trivial, and the ELF could easily be incorporated into I/O routines or data channel languages. Even small-scale hardware implementations are not unthinkable; a control box between a typewriter and a tape recorder, for instance.",{"_33":2985,"_35":2986},[],{"_37":161,"_39":2987,"_41":282,"_43":2988,"_67":2989,"_69":2990,"_71":70},"ywOhpk9X",{},[],"All these applications depend, of course, on the system being actually useful, which is an empirical question. A number of possible applications have been mentioned. But, except as a crutch to man's fallible mind, is there any reason to suppose that the system has any general applicability in principle?",{"_37":482,"_39":2992,"_41":282,"_43":2993,"_67":2994,"_69":2995,"_71":70},"MMUingMw",{},[],"PRIDE",{"_33":2997,"_35":3061},[2998,3005,3012,3019,3026,3033,3040,3047,3054],{"_33":2999,"_35":3000},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3001,"_41":282,"_43":3002,"_67":3003,"_69":3004,"_71":70},"6MUUElO9",{},[],"As \"philosophy\" I want to speak of two major things. First, complex file structures (like the ELF) make possible the creation of complex and significant new mediam, the hypertext and hyperfilm. Second, evolutionary file structures (like the ELF) make it possible to keep track of things that have been changing, without our awareness, all along. These include the major categories of hu, mn thought, which will go on changing.",{"_33":3006,"_35":3007},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3008,"_41":282,"_43":3009,"_67":3010,"_69":3011,"_71":70},"ZVD9A80k",{},[],"Systems of paper have grave limitations for either organizing or presenting ideas. A book is never perfectly suited to the reader; one reader is bored, another confused by the same pages. No system of paper-- book or programmed text-- can adapt very far to the interests or needs of a particular reader or student.",{"_33":3013,"_35":3014},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3015,"_41":282,"_43":3016,"_67":3017,"_69":3018,"_71":70},"CWsgnyzh",{},[],"However, with the computer-driven display and mass memory, it has become possible to create a new, readable medium, for education and enjoyment, that will let the reader find his level, suit his taste, and find the parts that take on special meaning for him, as instruction or entertainment.",{"_33":3020,"_35":3021},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3022,"_41":282,"_43":3023,"_67":3024,"_69":3025,"_71":70},"SY02UKTx",{},[],"Let me introduce the word \"hypertext\"**** to mean a body of written or pictorial material interconnected in such a complex way that it could not conveniently be presented or represented on paper. It may contain summaries or maps of its contents and their interrelations; it may contain annotations, additions, and footnotes from scholars who have examined it. Let me suggest that such an object and system, properly designed and administered, could have great potential for education, increasing the student's range of choices, his sense of freedom, his motivation, and his intellectual grasp*****. Such a system could grow indefinitely, gradually including more and more of the ~rld's written knowledge. However, its internal file structure would have to be built to accept growth, change and complex informational arrangements. The ELF is such a file structure.",{"_33":3027,"_35":3028},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3029,"_41":282,"_43":3030,"_67":3031,"_69":3032,"_71":70},"Y_K24imU",{},[],"Films, sound recordings, and video recordings are also linear strings, basically for mechanical reasons. But these, too, can now be arranged as non-linear systems-- for instance, lattices-- for editing purposes or for display with different emphasis. (This would naturally require computer control, using the ELF or a related system, and various cartridge or re-recording devices.) The hyperfilm-- a browsable or vari-sequenced movie-- is only one of the possible hypermedia that require our attention.",{"_33":3034,"_35":3035},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3036,"_41":282,"_43":3037,"_67":3038,"_69":3039,"_71":70},"ZgtLROtX",{},[],"So much for what we can create afresh with this structure. What about the things that have already been around awhile?",{"_33":3041,"_35":3042},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3043,"_41":282,"_43":3044,"_67":3045,"_69":3046,"_71":70},"MK0ffiAX",{},[],"The physical universe is not all that decays. So do abstractions and categories. Human ideas, science, scholarship and language are constantly collapsing and unfolding. Any field, and the corpus of all fields, is a bundle of relationships subject to all kinds of twists, inversions, involutions and rearrangement: these changes are frequent but unpredictable. Recall that computers, once a branch of mathematics, are now their own field (but the development of fluid logic indicates a possible merger with the art of wind instruments). Social relations, psycholinguistics and psychonomics are new fields, even though they rest on no special discoveries; political economy, natural history and social ethics are gone. Within a given area, too, the subheadings of importance are in constant flux. In the social sciences, for instance, the topic headings of the nineteen-thirties now sound quaint.",{"_33":3048,"_35":3049},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3050,"_41":282,"_43":3051,"_67":3052,"_69":3053,"_71":70},"F6SoEoFA",{},[],"While the disappearance and up-ending of categories and subjects may be erratic,, it never stops; and the meaning of this for information retrieval should be clear. Last week's categories, perhaps last night's field, may be gone today. To the extent that information retrieval is concerned with seeking true or ideal or permanent codes and categories-- and even the most sophisticated \"role indicator\" syntaxes are a form of this endeavor-- to this extent, information retrieval seems to me to be fundamentally mistaken. The categories are chimerical (or temporal) and our categorization systems must evolve as they do. Information systems must have built in the capacity to accept the new categorization systems as they evolve from, or outside, the framework of the old. Not just the new material, but the capacity for new arrangements and indefinite rearrangements of the old, must be possible. In this light, the ELF, indefinitely revisible and unperturbed by changes in overall structural relations, offers some promise.",{"_33":3055,"_35":3056},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3057,"_41":282,"_43":3058,"_67":3059,"_69":3060,"_71":70},"TSbSSVkZ",{},[],"There is, then, a general rationale. I believe that such a system as the ELF actually ties in better than anything previously used with the actual processes by which thought is progressively organized, whether into stories or hypertext or library categories. Thus it may help integrate, for human understanding, bodies of material so diversely connected that they could not be untangled by the unaided mind. For both logistic and psychological reasons it should be an important adjunct to imaginative, integrating and creative enterprises. It is useful where relationships are unclear; where contingencies and tasks are undefined and unpredictable; where the structures or final outcome it must represent are not yet folly known; where we do not know the file's ultimate arrangement; where we do not know what parts of the file are most important; or where things are in permanent and unpredictable flux. Perhaps this includes more places than we think. And perhaps here, as in biology, the only ultimate structure is change itself.",{"_37":482,"_39":3062,"_41":282,"_43":3063,"_67":3064,"_69":3065,"_71":70},"W1agzarw",{},[],"Philosophy",{"_33":3067,"_35":3131},[3068,3075,3082,3089,3096,3103,3110,3117,3124],{"_33":3069,"_35":3070},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3071,"_41":282,"_43":3072,"_67":3073,"_69":3074,"_71":70},"vil6PfRd",{},[],"This paper has proposed a different kind of structure for handling information.",{"_33":3076,"_35":3077},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3078,"_41":282,"_43":3079,"_67":3080,"_69":3081,"_71":70},"euNs9O4g",{},[],"Essentially it is a file with certain storage provisions which, combined, permit the file's contents to be arranged any-which-way, and in any number of ways at once. A set of manipulation functions permits making changes or keeping track of developments. The file is capable of maintaining many different arrangements at the same time, many of which may be dormant. This makes ordinary measures of efficiency inappropriate; as with high fidelity music systems, enrichment is derived from the lavish use of surplus capacity.",{"_33":3083,"_35":3084},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3085,"_41":282,"_43":3086,"_67":3087,"_69":3088,"_71":70},"r-nXVNgr",{},[],"The key ideas of the system are the inter-linking of different lists, regardless of sequence or additions; the re-configurable character of a list complex into any humanly conceivable forms; and the ability to make copies of a whole list, or list complex-- in proliferation, at will-- to record its sequence, contents or arrangement at a given moment. The Evolutionary List File is a member of the class of evolutionary file structures; and its particular advantages are thought to be psychological, not technical. Despite this file's adaptability to complex purposes, it has the advantage of being conceptually very simple. Its structure is complete, closed, and unified as a concept. This is its psychological virtue. Its use can be easily taught to people who do not understand computers. We can use it to try out combinations that interest us, to make alternatives clear in their details and relationships, to keep track of developments as they occur, to sketch things we know, like, or currently require, and it will stand by for modifications. It can be extended for all sorts of purposes, and implemented or incorporated in any programming language.",{"_33":3090,"_35":3091},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3092,"_41":282,"_43":3093,"_67":3094,"_69":3095,"_71":70},"VvNgCVZ8",{},[],"There are probably various possible file structures that will be useful in aiding creative thought. This one operates, as it were, on lists that hook together sideways, and their copies. There may be many more.",{"_33":3097,"_35":3098},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3099,"_41":282,"_43":3100,"_67":3101,"_69":3102,"_71":70},"utmMKr14",{},[],"* The Bush Rapid Selector 2 is a powerful microfilm instrument, but it is not suited to idiosyncratic personal uses, nor to evolutionary modification, as described.",{"_33":3104,"_35":3105},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3106,"_41":282,"_43":3107,"_67":3108,"_69":3109,"_71":70},"qvdApsCp",{},[],"** It is believed that this account is reasonably correct for such writers as Tolstoy, Winston Churchill and Katherine Anne Porter. Those who can adhere to a prior outline faithfully, like James Fenimore Cooper, tend to be either hacks or prodigres, and do not need this system",{"_33":3111,"_35":3112},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3113,"_41":282,"_43":3114,"_67":3115,"_69":3116,"_71":70},"J20Hgxnh",{},[],"*** For a poignant, mordant portrayal of the writer's struggle, the reader is directed to Gorey's \"The Unstrung Harp\", or \"Mr Earbass Writer.s a Novel\".",{"_33":3118,"_35":3119},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3120,"_41":282,"_43":3121,"_67":3122,"_69":3123,"_71":70},"VagoetmH",{},[],"**** An ELF might even be constructed out of cards, blocks, sticks, and strings using techniques of puppetry, but this would not be a convenient object.",{"_33":3125,"_35":3126},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3127,"_41":282,"_43":3128,"_67":3129,"_69":3130,"_71":70},"QbGf8Nlp",{},[],"***** The sense of \"hyper-\" used here connotes extension and generality; cf. \"hyperspace.\" The criterion for this prefix is the inability of these objects to be comprised sensibly into linear media, like the text string, or even media of somewhat higher complexity. The ELF is a hyperfile.",{"_37":482,"_39":3132,"_41":282,"_43":3133,"_67":3134,"_69":3135,"_71":70},"m0CwQfuY",{},[],"CONCLUSION",{"_33":3137,"_35":3271},[3138,3145,3152,3159,3166,3173,3180,3187,3194,3201,3208,3215,3222,3229,3236,3243,3250,3257,3264],{"_33":3139,"_35":3140},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3141,"_41":282,"_43":3142,"_67":3143,"_69":3144,"_71":70},"nbc06OEu",{},[],"Bush, V., \"As We May Think.\" :['he Atlantic Monthly, p. 101-108; July, 1945.",{"_33":3146,"_35":3147},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3148,"_41":282,"_43":3149,"_67":3150,"_69":3151,"_71":70},"gvbiK-6J",{},[],"Hirsch, P., \"The Bush :Ropid Selector.\" Datamation, p. 56-57; June, 1965.",{"_33":3153,"_35":3154},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3155,"_41":282,"_43":3156,"_67":3157,"_69":3158,"_71":70},"2kidwpb4",{},[],"Wallace, E. M., \"Experience with EDP Support of Individuals' File Maintenance.\" Parameters of Information Science: Proceedings of the American. Documentotion Institute (American Documentation Institute), p. 259-261; 1/1964.",{"_33":3160,"_35":3161},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3162,"_41":282,"_43":3163,"_67":3164,"_69":3165,"_71":70},"brjllhDj",{},[],"Gorey, E., \"The Unstrung Harp; or, Mr. Earbrass Writes a Novel,\" Duell, Sloan and Pearce, N. Y.; 1953.",{"_33":3167,"_35":3168},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3169,"_41":282,"_43":3170,"_67":3171,"_69":3172,"_71":70},"j6DZ_V0z",{},[],"IBM Data Processing Division, \"The IBM Administrative Terminal System,\" Brochure 520-1146.",{"_33":3174,"_35":3175},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3176,"_41":282,"_43":3177,"_67":3178,"_69":3179,"_71":70},"Elv4c1-7",{},[],"IBM Technical Publications Department, \"14~0/1460 Administrative Terminal System Application Description,\" White Plains, New York.",{"_33":3181,"_35":3182},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3183,"_41":282,"_43":3184,"_67":3185,"_69":3186,"_71":70},"VXgj2HKv",{},[],"Timberlake, W. D., \"Administrative Terminal System\" (abstract.) STWP Proceedings; May, 1965.",{"_33":3188,"_35":3189},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3190,"_41":282,"_43":3191,"_67":3192,"_69":3193,"_71":70},"sweYTw0R",{},[],"Farrell, A. C., \"Evolution of Automated Writing.\" STWP Proceedings; May, 1965.",{"_33":3195,"_35":3196},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3197,"_41":282,"_43":3198,"_67":3199,"_69":3200,"_71":70},"-MYkGB9e",{},[],"Bobrow, D. G., and Bertram, R., \"A Comparison of ListProcessing Languages.\" Comm. ACM, p. 231-240; April, 1964.",{"_33":3202,"_35":3203},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3204,"_41":282,"_43":3205,"_67":3206,"_69":3207,"_71":70},"-BMvkrba",{},[],"Comfort, W. T., \"Multiword List Items.\" Comm. ACM, p. 357-362; June, 1964.",{"_33":3209,"_35":3210},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3211,"_41":282,"_43":3212,"_67":3213,"_69":3214,"_71":70},"zhPgIVOa",{},[],"Weizenbaum, J., \"Knotted List Structures.\" Comm. ACM, p. 161-165; Mar., 1962.",{"_33":3216,"_35":3217},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3218,"_41":282,"_43":3219,"_67":3220,"_69":3221,"_71":70},"OIfPmIuo",{},[],"Prywes, N. S,, and Gray, H. J., \"The Multilist System for Real Time Storage and Retrieval,\" Proceedings of IFIP Conference, p. 112-116; 1962.",{"_33":3223,"_35":3224},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3225,"_41":282,"_43":3226,"_67":3227,"_69":3228,"_71":70},"6DBy3V5o",{},[],"Prywes, N. S., \"Interim Technical Report: The Organization of Files for Command and Control,\" Moore School o[ Engineering; March, 1964.",{"_33":3230,"_35":3231},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3232,"_41":282,"_43":3233,"_67":3234,"_69":3235,"_71":70},"noLe9wK8",{},[],"Bachman, C. W., and Williams, S. B., \"The Integrated Data Store--A General Purpose Programming System for Random Access Memories,\" AFIPS Conference Proceedings, p. 411-422; 1964.",{"_33":3237,"_35":3238},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3239,"_41":282,"_43":3240,"_67":3241,"_69":3242,"_71":70},"W4FVfs-l",{},[],"General Electric Computer Department, \"I-D-S:\" Company Brochure CPB-425.",{"_33":3244,"_35":3245},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3246,"_41":282,"_43":3247,"_67":3248,"_69":3249,"_71":70},"R9miEYK9",{},[],"General Electric Computer Department, \"Introduction to Integrated Data Store,\" Company Brochure CPB-1048; 1965.",{"_33":3251,"_35":3252},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3253,"_41":282,"_43":3254,"_67":3255,"_69":3256,"_71":70},"6y6dvbQc",{},[],"Bachman, C. W., \"Software for Random Access Processing,\" Datamation; April, 1965.",{"_33":3258,"_35":3259},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3260,"_41":282,"_43":3261,"_67":3262,"_69":3263,"_71":70},"s7sj3fqn",{},[],"General Electric Computer Department, \"Integrated Data Store: New General Electric Technique for Organizing Business Data\"; January, 1965",{"_33":3265,"_35":3266},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3267,"_41":282,"_43":3268,"_67":3269,"_69":3270,"_71":70},"dN4rcSg2",{},[],"Corbin, H. S., and Stock, G. J., \"On-Line Querying via a Display Console,\" Fourth National Symposium on Information Display: Technical Session Proceedings, p. 127-154; 1964",{"_37":482,"_39":3272,"_41":282,"_43":3273,"_67":3274,"_69":2190,"_71":70},"uqI6a1JS",{"_485":796},[],{"_33":3276,"_35":3309},[3277,3285,3293,3301],{"_33":3278,"_35":3279},[],{"_37":554,"_39":3280,"_41":282,"_43":3281,"_67":3282,"_69":3283,"_71":3284},"NgIj3tuB",{"_485":486},[],"FIGURE 1 -- Zippered lists: l-for-1 links between entries are invariant under list permutation. ","ipfs://bafkreibl7ifcpyr67u4olo4ohic32kko7x5gato4nlmw7j5xlnwprpcad4",{"_33":3286,"_35":3287},[],{"_37":554,"_39":3288,"_41":282,"_43":3289,"_67":3290,"_69":3291,"_71":3292},"CdTbIhWM",{"_485":486},[],"FIGURE 2 -- Spinoff of variants: extra versions need little space. ","ipfs://bafkreiadfa7mmsdz53qmhvby672bnwtycms3owbqddu4xqpe7pnkepi7a4",{"_33":3294,"_35":3295},[],{"_37":554,"_39":3296,"_41":282,"_43":3297,"_67":3298,"_69":3299,"_71":3300},"q8vrVFNn",{"_485":486},[],"FIGURE 3 -- All levels of documentation in the ELF. ","ipfs://bafkreig5gzkizxsjzlsmc3b3poojhl4jqdnglfwedrmwl7q7ilssautoku",{"_33":3302,"_35":3303},[],{"_37":554,"_39":3304,"_41":282,"_43":3305,"_67":3306,"_69":3307,"_71":3308},"m19q9xbJ",{"_485":486},[],"FIGURE 4 -- ELF's capacity for total filing: hypothetical use by historian. Thin lines indicate links; heavy rules indicate some of same entries. ","ipfs://bafybeicytkj5rhjnrnuuitmhp22z5merjfagbnsgyylu67j25655mod2ii",{"_37":482,"_39":3310,"_41":282,"_43":3311,"_67":3312,"_69":3313,"_71":70},"hfbOZDKK",{},[],"Figures",[55],"/records/42-a-file-structure-for-the-complex-the-charging-and-the-indeterminate",{"_83":298},{},{"_39":279,"_96":55,"_56":3319,"_72":282,"_98":-5,"_99":-5,"_100":-5,"_101":-5,"_95":6},[57,281],1771826057454,[150,279,282],"[\"ENTITY\",\"hm://z6MkrvYZzMYaCxyjbFWsZicdPCrcVmiXvgeY3i65GERQjjoH/records/42-a-file-structure-for-the-complex-the-charging-and-the-indeterminate\",\"bafy2bzacedycyq4lxmpja5dwroz5tgu5jkjckbpthslber6ultftqv4ftg22s\"]",{"_111":3324,"_148":3617,"_151":3618},{"_113":3325,"_132":133,"_134":3616,"_136":-5,"_137":138,"_139":138,"_140":138,"_141":-5,"_142":-5,"_143":8,"_144":145,"_146":147},{"_37":28,"_28":3326,"_39":3614},{"_30":3327,"_72":304,"_73":55,"_74":3610,"_56":3611,"_77":311,"_79":311,"_81":3612,"_85":3613,"_87":304,"_89":90},[3328,3335,3342,3349,3360,3374,3577],{"_33":3329,"_35":3330},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3331,"_41":304,"_43":3332,"_67":3333,"_69":3334,"_71":70},"20cy6VeO",{},[],"A Critique",{"_33":3336,"_35":3337},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3338,"_41":304,"_43":3339,"_67":3340,"_69":3341,"_71":70},"sQLsV_Z-",{},[],"Jef Raskin",{"_33":3343,"_35":3344},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3345,"_41":304,"_43":3346,"_67":3347,"_69":3348,"_71":70},"Z2xKDFDU",{},[],"Information Appliance 1014 Hamilton Court Menlo Park, CA 94025",{"_33":3350,"_35":3351},[],{"_37":3352,"_39":3353,"_41":304,"_43":3354,"_67":3358,"_69":70,"_71":3359},"File","fCVdbVO9",{"_3355":3356,"_83":3357},"size",609579,"317426.317449.pdf",[],"ipfs://bafybeibpfopsn2zgzrvgglv4rgvkt34qq4crmkr3xysybv2mhe44jxlnai",{"_33":3361,"_35":3369},[3362],{"_33":3363,"_35":3364},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3365,"_41":304,"_43":3366,"_67":3367,"_69":3368,"_71":70},"4cDicjfV",{},[],"Hypertext has received a lot of mostly uncritical attention. The author sees it as one part inspiration and nine parts hyperbole. A number of user interface and technical problems are discussed.",{"_37":482,"_39":3370,"_41":304,"_43":3371,"_67":3372,"_69":3373,"_71":70},"a_-1R5YL",{},[],"ABSTRACT",{"_33":3375,"_35":3572},[3376,3383,3390,3397,3404,3411,3418,3425,3432,3439,3446,3453,3460,3467,3474,3481,3488,3495,3502,3509,3516,3523,3530,3537,3544,3551,3558,3565],{"_33":3377,"_35":3378},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3379,"_41":304,"_43":3380,"_67":3381,"_69":3382,"_71":70},"6Ps5RA_N",{},[],"The literature on Hypertext is generally effusive and non-critical. Even Conklin’s survey article in Computer (IEEE Computer, September 1987, pg 17 ff) ends up admitting that the author hopes that “the reader come away from this article excited, eager to try using hypertext for himself, and aware that he is at the beginning of something big, something like the invention of the wheel, but something that still has enough rough edges that no one is really sure that it w-ill fulfill its promise.” This article looks at what some have seen as rough edges but which may be cracks that extend deep into the heart of hypertext.",{"_33":3384,"_35":3385},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3386,"_41":304,"_43":3387,"_67":3388,"_69":3389,"_71":70},"lBb_qwuZ",{},[],"Conklin’s advocacy is tame stuff compared with Hypertext’s prime mover, Ted Nelson, who writes with the messianic verve characteristic of visionaries. Many followers and supporters of the Hypertext concept take much the same tone; in fact, there have not been many who have gainsaid the concept,for on the surface it seems a good one that is well within our technical reach. On the other hand, it has not been implemented except for a few more or less experimental projects: the grand vision languishes unfinished, though often started. If the details are kept fuzzy enough, Hypertext seems like a wonderful, universally applicable, powerful, natural, human-oriented model for organizing and accessingknowledge. Having felt that draw, and also havingimplemented some real-world projects that were considered visionary when I started but became well-accepted (and commercially successful) when I was finished, I took a closer look at Hypertext and found some deep and fundamental difficulties that have not been much discussed.",{"_33":3391,"_35":3392},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3393,"_41":304,"_43":3394,"_67":3395,"_69":3396,"_71":70},"du1Hpm4i",{},[],"A good place to begin is with some other ideas that, like Hypertext, sound very good but are simpler, and have failed to deliver on their promise.",{"_33":3398,"_35":3399},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3400,"_41":304,"_43":3401,"_67":3402,"_69":3403,"_71":70},"ISbpLacr",{},[],"There is a certain frustration in playing adventure games. The games ostensibly avoid requiring that you learn special computer commands by allowing you to frame your commands in English. This sounds very inviting, but whenever your response varies from the stylized vocabulary and grammar that the game recognizes you run into a wall of incomprehension. The game spins off a subgame of guessing which words the developer thought useful or significant. Synonyms in English may or may not be synonyms to the game; you often find that though what you said is correct, it is not accepted. All in all these games tend to be a frustrating experience unless you come to accept that figuring just how to emasculate your vocabulary and grammar is part of the game. Not everybody thinks this is fun, but ifyou enjoy it, you are a prime example of a puzzle- lover or ‘hacker” in the old, non-pejorative sense of a person who likes to play with a system - for hours and days on end if necessary - in order to learn how it works.",{"_33":3405,"_35":3406},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3407,"_41":304,"_43":3408,"_67":3409,"_69":3410,"_71":70},"7LdIe5sx",{},[],"What is really happening in these games is that the players are learning a set of computer commands -by trial and error. In an adventure-style sword battle your knowledge of fencing is of no use, but your knowledge of the system developers’ frame of mind is. The notes that most players end up making for their own use form the manual that the game’s inventors (deliberately) didn’t provide. In other words, there is not much difference between an adventure game and a poorly documented computer program. Both present the same kind of challenge, and appeal to much the same set of users.",{"_33":3412,"_35":3413},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3414,"_41":304,"_43":3415,"_67":3416,"_69":3417,"_71":70},"Oe00S4Cw",{},[],"The problem with adventure games was that something that sounds like the right, natural, inevitable and easiest thing to do failed (in some sense) because it delivered only the aroma of what was promised. When you are hungry, this can be worse than nothing at all. The full mea1 may, in fact, be undeliverable. Natural language may be an inherently unsuitable medium for programming (in the present meaning of the word) or even controlling an imaginary universe.",{"_33":3419,"_35":3420},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3421,"_41":304,"_43":3422,"_67":3423,"_69":3424,"_71":70},"xMS9H8Z8",{},[],"This insight can be extended to Hypertext. Hypertext, in a nutshell, is text (in the sense of what one finds in books) where there are links between different texts and portions of texts for some very large universe of knowledge. You might be reading, on the display of your information appliance, about butterflies. Say that the text mentions a gathering of monarch butterflies that occurs in Monterey, California. Soyou point to (by some means) the word monarch, andyoupress the udelve deeper” button (or some such action) and a picture of the butterfly comes onto your screen. You touch one of the legs of the butterfly and up comes, say, details of the leg of the butterfly or perhaps an article on butterfly legs. You then press the ‘back to where I was”button, and continue reading. Upon pointingto the word“Califomia” the delve deeper button might give you a map of California with Monterey called out, and so forth.",{"_33":3426,"_35":3427},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3428,"_41":304,"_43":3429,"_67":3430,"_69":3431,"_71":70},"2n-jbOIu",{},[],"As technology permits, the concept of “text” in Hypertext expands to include color images, movingimages (movies), sounds, real-time links to the author or other experts on the subject you are “reading’ about, reference librarians who can point to further sources of information, and literally anything else that might conceivably be pumped through wires or the aether to your system.",{"_33":3433,"_35":3434},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3435,"_41":304,"_43":3436,"_67":3437,"_69":3438,"_71":70},"aozE_rb8",{},[],"Lastly, the Hypertext vision includes a growing body of on-line information, becoming richer as it is used because users provide an ever-increasing number of sources of data and links between items. It assumes wide acceptance by a large number of ordinary, non-technophilic people.",{"_33":3440,"_35":3441},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3442,"_41":304,"_43":3443,"_67":3444,"_69":3445,"_71":70},"NEBRLVSs",{},[],"It sounds wonderful.",{"_33":3447,"_35":3448},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3449,"_41":304,"_43":3450,"_67":3451,"_69":3452,"_71":70},"cxFHuJRl",{},[],"There are, of course, some technological questions that can be asked about Hypertext: for example, how will we get the very high bandwidths between sources of information and the individual’s machine required to make pictures and text available quickly enough to avoid frustration? Another technological problem lies in the massive storage capacity, network, switching, and software required. There are social, legal, and economic problems as well. Examples of these problems include questions such as: will the financially privileged have easier access, and thus widen the gap between haves and have nots? Nelson has addressed (though without sufficient depth) the questions of who owns the material, who owns the all-important linkages, how copyrights are preserved, who pays for the central system, how to insure compatibility between systems and how an author gets paid. But this essay is concerned with basic conceptual problems, assuming that the technological problems will be solved in the natural course of events, and leaving the other questions for another time. I will also ignore the very real but probably not as serious “chicken and eg&’ problem of how Hypertext gets started, since at first it is necessarily rather weak and thin. While this last problem will have to be faced, other services, such as telephones faced the same dilemma and overcame it. Whether it gets off the ground depends in part on the quality of the initial system: where will we get enough linked text to make it useful at first?",{"_33":3454,"_35":3455},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3456,"_41":304,"_43":3457,"_67":3458,"_69":3459,"_71":70},"wXUYYqAh",{},[],"The problem with “natural language” games, which also applies to many “natural language” interfaces for more serious (this does not imply more worthy) applications, has a parallel in the proposed Hypertext systems. As an example, take the passage where the text mentioned a gathering of monarch butterflies. First of all, not every word will have the same kind or depth of information behind it. Say that a previous user had looked up the meaning of the word Umonarch” and established a link to ‘king.” Then, when you point to umonarch” meaning a kind of butterfly, you might find yourself in the midst of a discussion of the divine rights of hereditary rulers. Yougo“up”and try“butterfly”andyoufindageneraldescription ofthelepidoptera, which does not mention “monarch” since it only gives the Latin name, which you do not recognize. You can grope around for a while, trying this and that sub-heading in what you find, and maybe what you want is there, and maybe it isn’t. One key question is: How Do You Know If It’sThere? This isn’t the advertised smooth, rapid access “feel” of hypertext, this is a fishing expedition.",{"_33":3461,"_35":3462},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3463,"_41":304,"_43":3464,"_67":3465,"_69":3466,"_71":70},"Hcvv6_TM",{},[],"Let’s say that, by some means, you can point for specificity to the whole phrase “monarch butterfly” and you get, rather than some particular linked item, a list or menu of such items and other menus. Aside from having to learn how to operate the menus and make selections from them, it is well known that menus are a slow way of getting from place to place, especially if they are many levels deep. Avoiding, also, the question ofhow (orby whom) the menus are generated (Nelson suggests that people will spontaneously create them and charge for their use), let’s say that one menu item leads you to a picture of the butterfly. As before, you point to a leg. Now, it is not clear if you are pointing to, say, the tarsus, the whole leg, to legs in general, to butterfly legs, or to the whole insect. Since butterflies are beautifully symmetrical, are you pointing to ask about symmetry in general?",{"_33":3468,"_35":3469},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3470,"_41":304,"_43":3471,"_67":3472,"_69":3473,"_71":70},"giJZc-me",{},[],"Not every item or detail in a picture will have a reference attached to it. How will you tell which do and which don’t? None of the references about Hypertext seem to carefully address this problem. I tried a medical “Hypertext” styled system a few months ago, based onvideo disks with immense storage capacity. You could point to a structure in a dissection and get a close up view, or views from other angles. It seemed fine when being demonstrated by someone who knew which body parts had further data behind them, but when I tried to use it and pointed to structures that I was curious about, most of the time the system, being finite, could give me no information.",{"_33":3475,"_35":3476},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3477,"_41":304,"_43":3478,"_67":3479,"_69":3480,"_71":70},"vOxfj08Y",{},[],"There is a vague assumption that as people use it, the system will monitor and gather up the links they generate, and thus grow in depth and value. Does a link happen whenever you move from one frame or screenful to another? It will not, according to Nelson. You will have to explicitly tell the system when you are making a link (just how you do this is not specified), and I think it is important to ask if you are likely to bother making links at all. Remember: people are inherently lazy, and when you are hot on the trail of some information how likely are you to stop and tell the system which links seem valuable to you? If as a result of this observation you make the system record all links, good and bad, will there be human editors who will prune them (and where would we get these editors, how would we pay them, and is it in principle even possible to tell a good link from a bad link?) If the links are not pruned, won’t most searches turn into wild goose chases? One man’s links are another man’s sausages.",{"_33":3482,"_35":3483},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3484,"_41":304,"_43":3485,"_67":3486,"_69":3487,"_71":70},"RrBGLYMM",{},[],"In other words, it is not clear that it can work as neatly as the hand-waving of its visionaries make it seem. I have been told that there areno bad links, and in a sense this is correct: any connection, even if it is a misreading of, say, “sheer” for “shear,” is meaningful and potentially useful (say to a person studying common reading mistakes, or to a poet). But the clutter a user faces will be enormous.",{"_33":3489,"_35":3490},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3491,"_41":304,"_43":3492,"_67":3493,"_69":3494,"_71":70},"r0h86nS-",{},[],"The central lacuna is the omission of any specification of a human interface. The Xanadu project, trying to implement a real-world version of Hypertext, is just building a central processing and storage facility. When I have asked the implementors what it will look like to the user-a central question if it is to be widely accepted, and it must be used by a large population to fulfill the plans of its inventors -they say that the “front end” is not their concern. I claim that the “front end,” namely what devices and how it will look to users is as important as the central nexus. It may be more important, since if the front end puts people off, they will never get any further. Yet there is no user interface specification for what Hypertext will look like to the individual user. It is important that the user interface be reasonably uniform from implementation to implementation. This point has been well demonstrated by the Apple Macintosh computer. One of my goals when designing the Mac was to make it easier for a software designer to use a provided interface model than to create a new one. This was a positive use of people’s laziness. Thus, unlike any previous system, you can move from application to application with relative ease, and buying a new programis not as traumatic an experience asitused tobe. With earlier computers, each new application program gave you a nearly totally new experience.",{"_33":3496,"_35":3497},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3498,"_41":304,"_43":3499,"_67":3500,"_69":3501,"_71":70},"jV0qNpZK",{},[],"A Hypertext system will have good “feel” only if it is fast enough. This is another area solved primarily by looking the other way. In ten years the word“work” may easily generate 200 pages of menus of referents (since the word “work,” like so many other words, has everything from negative imphcations (dirty work) to positive ones (work ethic), to technical ones (force times distance), to political ones (ownership of one’s labor)). How long will it take the central system to find the menus, how long will it take to transmit them, how long will it take you to go through them, how long will it take you to get to the next submenu. 3 Most people don’t use dictionaries and encyclopedias because it takes from half a minute to a few minutes to look something up. If a computer system is as slow or slower, it will be avoided as thoroughly as people avoid other reference systems.",{"_33":3503,"_35":3504},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3505,"_41":304,"_43":3506,"_67":3507,"_69":3508,"_71":70},"wHOxmRd4",{},[],"The lack of a carefully thought out “front end” is thus a major flaw in the design of Hypertext. A person should be able to use it from any available port, whether at home, at school, in the office, at the library, or when walking in the park using Alan Kay’s mythical Dynabook. (There’s another fine-sounding idea that has never been specified to the point where you can evaluate if it’s workable. It, too, lacks an interface specification and apparently does what the user intends by a combination of wishful thinking and magic.)",{"_33":3510,"_35":3511},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3512,"_41":304,"_43":3513,"_67":3514,"_69":3515,"_71":70},"_eBVbOxc",{},[],"In short, Hypertext only sounds like a good idea. It tends to evaporate when looked at closely. There are three basic human interface problems: (i) the linkages are often either cumbersome, wrong for your needs, or trivial, (ii) the problem of what aspect of a word, phrase, or picture you intend has not been addressed, (iii) a uniform and excellent human interface specification is both necessary and absent.",{"_33":3517,"_35":3518},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3519,"_41":304,"_43":3520,"_67":3521,"_69":3522,"_71":70},"_ks5UroC",{},[],"I am sure enough of human ability to believe that the problems being addressed by Hypertext- like systems are not impossible to solve. What I am questioning is whether this particular proposed part of a solution, namely linked text (with a very broad definition of “text”) is the right one, or even a feasible one. As with playing“adventure” games, you will be trying to second guess the link builder’s frame of mind rather than staying within the subject you are working with. Knowledge of the system will often be more valuable than understanding your field. As the students of a poor teacher learn to give not the right answers but those the teacher wants, Hypertext users will spend much of their time pleasing the system instead of themselves.",{"_33":3524,"_35":3525},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3526,"_41":304,"_43":3527,"_67":3528,"_69":3529,"_71":70},"nFS_NnyR",{},[],"It is perhaps worthwhile asking why Nelson and the Xanadu people have looked at the aspects they have and ignored the ones mentioned here. I hope I may be excused for making an ad hominem observation: these people consider themselves hackers (in the best sense). They feel at home at the annual Hackers’ Conference. They love technology, and like Joyce’s Leopold Bloom, thrive on innards. They can discuss the minutiae of a particular system to all hours and, I fear, sometimes confuse their satisfaction in technical ingenuity and accomplishment with usability. The power of a linked data structure is formidable and amazing. My own thesis in computer science exploited such a structure. From speaking with Xanadu’s implementors, and some people who hope to tap into its data, I have seen how they have been seduced. The potential is enormous, the attention given to implementation of searches into vast quantities of human knowledge brilliant, and a host of fascinating problems in computer science have been attacked, and some seem solved. One gets an honest feeling of accomplishment. But they have not addressed the question: when a person sits down at her system what will have to be done first? What will she see? What is the next step the user takes, and the next...? How will it look? How many keystrokes or mouse pushes or dnger jabs will it take to find what is wanted? How long will it take? No, they speak to me of megabytes and optical disks instead of Susan and Jim and Marjorie and Bill. They speak of the great benefits that will accrue to individuals - that’s one end; and the vast linked data base - that’s the other end. But when asked how the ends are made to meet, just how the natural impedence between them is overcome, the designers become inspecific and waflle. How humans interact with systems is not their field and is not really close to their hearts. It is not the computer science they studied. It is a soft subject and making good interfaces (which they fervently believe should be done) will not win them the sincerest plaudits of their peers.",{"_33":3531,"_35":3532},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3533,"_41":304,"_43":3534,"_67":3535,"_69":3536,"_71":70},"FWOV7fMg",{},[],"None of this denies their interest in doing good things for the world and for individual people. The “how” just hasn’t been thought through. This may stem from Nelson’s belief that “rhe starting point in designing a computer system must be the creation of the conceptual and psychological environment -the seeming of the system [a nice phrase, but not very informative] -what I and my associates call the ‘virtuality.“’",{"_33":3538,"_35":3539},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3540,"_41":304,"_43":3541,"_67":3542,"_69":3543,"_71":70},"xGy0fVhy",{},[],"And what everybody else calls the “concept.” I agree that one must begin by deciding, as Nelson says, “bow it ought to be.” Unfortunately, Nelson’s “how it ought to be” does not include specifics of how it works in detail. Whether the hypertext concept is useful or not is most decidedly a function of the user interface, just as computers are more or less useful depending on how they facilitate access to their power. Consider the relative di&ulty of using a double-edged razor blade without a handle. It is just as sharp, but much harder to use. Nelson’s avoidance of what he calls “front end” issues is a major failing in the quality of his vision, his priorities, and his understanding of what makes things work well for people.",{"_33":3545,"_35":3546},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3547,"_41":304,"_43":3548,"_67":3549,"_69":3550,"_71":70},"CBXbnSIC",{},[],"Since creating the Macintosh project at Apple I’ve led the design of a number of products including the Canon Cat and SwyftWare. In the process, my associates and I obtained an excellent interface between people and text by using exactly what Nelson decried: a straightfor- ward linear structure. It was acted upon not by links and list processing but by an extremely fast search (which can be considered a real-time volatile link). One major difference is that we were driven to this internal structure by starting with a particular and finely tuned human interface, and only then searching for technology to implement it. I do not agree with Nelson’s statement that people naturally think in hierarchical structures of many layers. If that assumption falls, so does most of the Hypertext concept. Studies show that people prefer flat structures over deep ones, and if we do not accede to the way humans work then we are not likely to design workable products.",{"_33":3552,"_35":3553},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3554,"_41":304,"_43":3555,"_67":3556,"_69":3557,"_71":70},"xwuvOE_7",{},[],"The Hypertext vision is worth a try. The demonstrations so far have been tantalizing. It is my guess that the reality will remain tantalizing, and will never fulfill the dreams of Hypertext’s advocates - nor the dreams that they instilled in me, for that matter.",{"_33":3559,"_35":3560},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3561,"_41":304,"_43":3562,"_67":3563,"_69":3564,"_71":70},"5GA6nFW1",{},[],"While Hypertext itself may or may not be a good idea, the vision of giving everybody access to vast reaches of human knowledge is a praiseworthy one. There are probably better and more realizable ways. Hypertext is certainly incomplete at present, both in terms of implementation (as its designers would agree) and in terms of concept (they might not agree). My intent has been to present a countervailing opinion to the vast majority of what has been written and to balance the present uncritical discussion (that is, adulation) of Hypertext.",{"_33":3566,"_35":3567},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3568,"_41":304,"_43":3569,"_67":3570,"_69":3571,"_71":70},"bbJxeQVK",{},[],"Thanks to David Alzofon, Sam Bernstein, and Scott Kim for their constructive comments.",{"_37":482,"_39":3573,"_41":304,"_43":3574,"_67":3575,"_69":3576,"_71":70},"gJdEF3e3",{},[],"A CRITIQUE",{"_33":3578,"_35":3605},[3579,3586,3598],{"_33":3580,"_35":3581},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3582,"_41":304,"_43":3583,"_67":3584,"_69":3585,"_71":70},"4GwbvGmn",{},[],"Conklin, Jeff,“Hypertext: An Introduction and Survey-, IEEE Computer, September 1987,17ff.",{"_33":3587,"_35":3588},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3589,"_41":304,"_43":3590,"_67":3591,"_69":3597,"_71":70},"M04wkaKc",{},[3592],{"_37":526,"_450":3593,"_453":3594,"_43":3596,"_71":70},[138],[3595],408,{},"Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission.",{"_33":3599,"_35":3600},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3601,"_41":304,"_43":3602,"_67":3603,"_69":3604,"_71":70},"32eHgLoA",{},[],"c 1989 ACM 089791-340-X/89/001 l/0330$1.50 330",{"_37":482,"_39":3606,"_41":304,"_43":3607,"_67":3608,"_69":3609,"_71":70},"2jkLBy9Y",{},[],"REFERENCES",[55],"/records/the-hype-in-hypertext",{"_83":320},{},{"_39":301,"_96":55,"_56":3615,"_72":304,"_98":-5,"_99":-5,"_100":-5,"_101":-5,"_95":6},[57,303],1771826057460,[150,301,304],"[\"ENTITY\",\"hm://z6MkrvYZzMYaCxyjbFWsZicdPCrcVmiXvgeY3i65GERQjjoH/records/the-hype-in-hypertext\",\"bafy2bzacecxctduy6skwjksign4curadmp63aojdgrkhaiso2gvseh4usks6a\"]",{"_111":3620,"_148":4290,"_151":4291},{"_113":3621,"_132":133,"_134":4289,"_136":-5,"_137":138,"_139":138,"_140":138,"_141":-5,"_142":-5,"_143":8,"_144":145,"_146":147},{"_37":28,"_28":3622,"_39":4287},{"_30":3623,"_72":326,"_73":55,"_74":4282,"_56":4283,"_77":335,"_79":4284,"_81":4285,"_85":4286,"_87":336,"_89":90},[3624,3638,3651,3665,3671,3678,3685,3692,3786,3890,3974,4016,4093,4163,4205],{"_33":3625,"_35":3626},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3627,"_41":3628,"_43":3629,"_67":3630,"_69":3637,"_71":70},"LT8SR8VG","bafy2bzacectcr6tbm6lphxz6qevqdzbf5b6l2tri4gq4huw5drbp3vtxk2326",{},[3631],{"_37":943,"_450":3632,"_453":3634,"_43":3636,"_71":70},[3633],103,[3635],191,{},"“Consider a future device … in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.”",{"_33":3639,"_35":3640},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3641,"_41":3628,"_43":3642,"_67":3643,"_69":3650,"_71":70},"PUjhoPGO",{},[3644],{"_37":449,"_450":3645,"_453":3646,"_43":3648,"_71":3649},[48],[3647],16,{},"undefined","By Vannevar Bush",{"_33":3652,"_35":3653},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3654,"_41":3628,"_43":3655,"_67":3656,"_69":3664,"_71":70},"jHU9XtzX",{},[3657],{"_37":449,"_450":3658,"_453":3660,"_43":3662,"_71":3663},[3659],10,[3661],18,{},"hm://z6MkrbYsRzKb1VABdvhsDSAk6JK8fAszKsyHhcaZigYeWCou/keywords?v=bafy2bzacebmjuozpxuj7gz5xopm7bcqql3wrsuvtxwex3myzvynb4vrsa7r3q#hEOcMm4d","Keywords: Keywords",{"_33":3666,"_35":3667},[],{"_37":554,"_39":3668,"_41":3628,"_43":3669,"_67":3670,"_69":70,"_71":346},"_moUTRZu",{},[],{"_33":3672,"_35":3673},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3674,"_41":3628,"_43":3675,"_67":3676,"_69":3677,"_71":70},"h5EzPleN",{},[],"This has not been a scientist's war; it has been a war in which all have had a part. The scientists, burying their old professional competition in the demand of a common cause, have shared greatly and learned much. It has been exhilarating to work in effective partnership. Now, for many, this appears to be approaching an end. What are the scientists to do next?",{"_33":3679,"_35":3680},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3681,"_41":3628,"_43":3682,"_67":3683,"_69":3684,"_71":70},"7bq1agtk",{},[],"For the biologists, and particularly for the medical scientists, there can be little indecision, for their war has hardly required them to leave the old paths. Many indeed have been able to carry on their war research in their familiar peacetime laboratories. Their objectives remain much the same. WOW",{"_33":3686,"_35":3687},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3688,"_41":3628,"_43":3689,"_67":3690,"_69":3691,"_71":70},"vaq59NuB",{},[],"It is the physicists who have been thrown most violently off stride, who have left academic pursuits for the making of strange destructive gadgets, who have had to devise new methods for their unanticipated assignments. They have done their part on the devices that made it possible to turn back the enemy, have worked in combined effort with the physicists of our allies. They have felt within themselves the stir of achievement. They have been part of a great team. Now, as peace approaches, one asks where they will find objectives worthy of their best.",{"_33":3693,"_35":3781},[3694,3702,3709,3716,3735,3742,3749,3756,3763],{"_33":3695,"_35":3696},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3697,"_41":3698,"_43":3699,"_67":3700,"_69":3701,"_71":70},"fsvLRbpM","bafy2bzaceb7xb4ixpk4kzd73mql3ogwmak26fcc3plf35sbrxmr7lzh3drfyw",{},[],"Of what lasting benefit has been man’s use of science and of the new instruments which his research brought into existence? First, they have increased his control of his material environment. They have improved his food, his clothing, his shelter; they have increased his security and released him partly from the bondage of bare existence. They have given him increased knowledge of his own biological processes so that he has had a progressive freedom from disease and an increased span of life. They are illuminating the interactions of his physiological and psychological functions, giving the promise of an improved mental health.",{"_33":3703,"_35":3704},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3705,"_41":3698,"_43":3706,"_67":3707,"_69":3708,"_71":70},"FtyqstGP",{},[],"Science has provided the swiftest communication between individuals; it has provided a record of ideas and has enabled man to manipulate and to make extracts from that record so that knowledge evolves and endures throughout the life of a race rather than that of an individual.",{"_33":3710,"_35":3711},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3712,"_41":3698,"_43":3713,"_67":3714,"_69":3715,"_71":70},"EtPB8OOn",{},[],"There is a growing mountain of research. But there is increased evidence that we are being bogged down today as specialization extends. The investigator is staggered by the findings and conclusions of thousands of other workers—conclusions which he cannot find time to grasp, much less to remember, as they appear. Yet specialization becomes increasingly necessary for progress, and the effort to bridge between disciplines is correspondingly superficial.",{"_33":3717,"_35":3718},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3719,"_41":3698,"_43":3720,"_67":3721,"_69":3734,"_71":70},"ElkdsWEh",{},[3722,3729],{"_37":449,"_450":3723,"_453":3725,"_43":3727,"_71":3728},[3724],594,[3726],610,{},"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/06/genes-are-overrated/480729/",{"_37":3730,"_450":3731,"_453":3732,"_43":3733,"_71":70},"Underline",[3724],[3726],{},"Professionally our methods of transmitting and reviewing the results of research are generations old and by now are totally inadequate for their purpose. If the aggregate time spent in writing scholarly works and in reading them could be evaluated, the ratio between these amounts of time might well be startling. Those who conscientiously attempt to keep abreast of current thought, even in restricted fields, by close and continuous reading might well shy away from an examination calculated to show how much of the previous month’s efforts could be produced on call. Mendel’s concept of the laws of genetics was lost to the world for a generation because his publication did not reach the few who were capable of grasping and extending it; and this sort of catastrophe is undoubtedly being repeated all about us, as truly significant attainments become lost in the mass of the inconsequential.",{"_33":3736,"_35":3737},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3738,"_41":3698,"_43":3739,"_67":3740,"_69":3741,"_71":70},"_X828seC",{},[],"The difficulty seems to be, not so much that we publish unduly in view of the extent and variety of present day interests, but rather that publication has been extended far beyond our present ability to make real use of the record. The summation of human experience is being expanded at a prodigious rate, and the means we use for threading through the consequent maze to the momentarily important item is the same as was used in the days of square-rigged ships.",{"_33":3743,"_35":3744},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3745,"_41":3698,"_43":3746,"_67":3747,"_69":3748,"_71":70},"UulAaPMh",{},[],"But there are signs of a change as new and powerful instrumentalities come into use. Photocells capable of seeing things in a physical sense, advanced photography which can record what is seen or even what is not, thermionic tubes capable of controlling potent forces under the guidance of less power than a mosquito uses to vibrate his wings, cathode ray tubes rendering visible an occurrence so brief that by comparison a microsecond is a long time, relay combinations which will carry out involved sequences of movements more reliably than any human operator and thousands of times as fast—there are plenty of mechanical aids with which to effect a transformation in scientific records.",{"_33":3750,"_35":3751},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3752,"_41":3698,"_43":3753,"_67":3754,"_69":3755,"_71":70},"CQCC_MuI",{},[],"Two centuries ago Leibnitz invented a calculating machine which embodied most of the essential features of recent keyboard devices, but it could not then come into use. The economics of the situation were against it: the labor involved in constructing it, before the days of mass production, exceeded the labor to be saved by its use, since all it could accomplish could be duplicated by sufficient use of pencil and paper. Moreover, it would have been subject to frequent breakdown, so that it could not have been depended upon; for at that time and long after, complexity and unreliability were synonymous.",{"_33":3757,"_35":3758},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3759,"_41":3698,"_43":3760,"_67":3761,"_69":3762,"_71":70},"kvppvgUU",{},[],"Babbage, even with remarkably generous support for his time, could not produce his great arithmetical machine. His idea was sound enough, but construction and maintenance costs were then too heavy. Had a Pharaoh been given detailed and explicit designs of an automobile, and had he understood them completely, it would have taxed the resources of his kingdom to have fashioned the thousands of parts for a single car, and that car would have broken down on the first trip to Giza.",{"_33":3764,"_35":3765},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3766,"_41":3698,"_43":3767,"_67":3768,"_69":3780,"_71":70},"rW1JcTwl",{},[3769,3776],{"_37":449,"_450":3770,"_453":3772,"_43":3774,"_71":3775},[3771],153,[3773],170,{},"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/09/the-hidden-world-of-the-typewriter/279523/",{"_37":3730,"_450":3777,"_453":3778,"_43":3779,"_71":70},[3771],[3773],{},"Machines with interchangeable parts can now be constructed with great economy of effort. In spite of much complexity, they perform reliably. Witness the humble typewriter, or the movie camera, or the automobile. Electrical contacts have ceased to stick when thoroughly understood. Note the automatic telephone exchange, which has hundreds of thousands of such contacts, and yet is reliable. A spider web of metal, sealed in a thin glass container, a wire heated to brilliant glow, in short, the thermionic tube of radio sets, is made by the hundred million, tossed about in packages, plugged into sockets—and it works! Its gossamer parts, the precise location and alignment involved in its construction, would have occupied a master craftsman of the guild for months; now it is built for thirty cents. The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex devices of great reliability; and something is bound to come of it.",{"_37":482,"_39":3782,"_41":3698,"_43":3783,"_67":3784,"_69":3785,"_71":70},"-6w4sC-U",{"_485":486},[],"1",{"_33":3787,"_35":3885},[3788,3795,3802,3809,3816,3823,3830,3837,3844,3851,3858,3871],{"_33":3789,"_35":3790},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3791,"_41":3698,"_43":3792,"_67":3793,"_69":3794,"_71":70},"SRZ0vATy",{},[],"A record if it is to be useful to science, must be continuously extended, it must be stored, and above all it must be consulted. Today we make the record conventionally by writing and photography, followed by printing; but we also record on film, on wax disks, and on magnetic wires. Even if utterly new recording procedures do not appear, these present ones are certainly in the process of modification and extension.",{"_33":3796,"_35":3797},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3798,"_41":3698,"_43":3799,"_67":3800,"_69":3801,"_71":70},"2c3C7fi7",{},[],"Certainly progress in photography is not going to stop. Faster material and lenses, more automatic cameras, finer-grained sensitive compounds to allow an extension of the minicamera idea, are all imminent. Let us project this trend ahead to a logical, if not inevitable, outcome. The camera hound of the future wears on his forehead a lump a little larger than a walnut. It takes pictures 3 millimeters square, later to be projected or enlarged, which after all involves only a factor of 10 beyond present practice. The lens is of universal focus, down to any distance accommodated by the unaided eye, simply because it is of short focal length. There is a built-in photocell on the walnut such as we now have on at least one camera, which automatically adjusts exposure for a wide range of illumination. There is film in the walnut for a hundred exposures, and the spring for operating its shutter and shifting its film is wound once for all when the film clip is inserted. It produces its result in full color. It may well be stereoscopic, and record with two spaced glass eyes, for striking improvements in stereoscopic technique are just around the corner.",{"_33":3803,"_35":3804},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3805,"_41":3698,"_43":3806,"_67":3807,"_69":3808,"_71":70},"pdVl6vYY",{},[],"The cord which trips its shutter may reach down a man’s sleeve within easy reach of his fingers. A quick squeeze, and the picture is taken. On a pair of ordinary glasses is a square of fine lines near the top of one lens, where it is out of the way of ordinary vision. When an object appears in that square, it is lined up for its picture. As the scientist of the future moves about the laboratory or the field, every time he looks at something worthy of the record, he trips the shutter and in it goes, without even an audible click. Is this all fantastic? The only fantastic thing about it is the idea of making as many pictures as would result from its use.",{"_33":3810,"_35":3811},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3812,"_41":3698,"_43":3813,"_67":3814,"_69":3815,"_71":70},"Om8w7cZv",{},[],"Will there be dry photography? It is already here in two forms. When Brady made his Civil War pictures, the plate had to be wet at the time of exposure. Now it has to be wet during development instead. In the future perhaps it need not be wetted at all. There have long been films impregnated with diazo dyes which form a picture without development, so that it is already there as soon as the camera has been operated. An exposure to ammonia gas destroys the unexposed dye, and the picture can then be taken out into the light and examined. The process is now slow, but someone may speed it up, and it has no grain difficulties such as now keep photographic researchers busy. Often it would be advantageous to be able to snap the camera and to look at the picture immediately.",{"_33":3817,"_35":3818},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3819,"_41":3698,"_43":3820,"_67":3821,"_69":3822,"_71":70},"GYpDNHoP",{},[],"Another process now in use is also slow, and more or less clumsy. For fifty years impregnated papers have been used which turn dark at every point where an electrical contact touches them, by reason of the chemical change thus produced in an iodine compound included in the paper. They have been used to make records, for a pointer moving across them can leave a trail behind. If the electrical potential on the pointer is varied as it moves, the line becomes light or dark in accordance with the potential.",{"_33":3824,"_35":3825},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3826,"_41":3698,"_43":3827,"_67":3828,"_69":3829,"_71":70},"uhEJCqrR",{},[],"This scheme is now used in facsimile transmission. The pointer draws a set of closely spaced lines across the paper one after another. As it moves, its potential is varied in accordance with a varying current received over wires from a distant station, where these variations are produced by a photocell which is similarly scanning a picture. At every instant the darkness of the line being drawn is made equal to the darkness of the point on the picture being observed by the photocell. Thus, when the whole picture has been covered, a replica appears at the receiving end.",{"_33":3831,"_35":3832},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3833,"_41":3698,"_43":3834,"_67":3835,"_69":3836,"_71":70},"KtGcS1nr",{},[],"A scene itself can be just as well looked over line by line by the photocell in this way as can a photograph of the scene. This whole apparatus constitutes a camera, with the added feature, which can be dispensed with if desired, of making its picture at a distance. It is slow, and the picture is poor in detail. Still, it does give another process of dry photography, in which the picture is finished as soon as it is taken.",{"_33":3838,"_35":3839},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3840,"_41":3698,"_43":3841,"_67":3842,"_69":3843,"_71":70},"VomN4nAf",{},[],"It would be a brave man who would predict that such a process will always remain clumsy, slow, and faulty in detail. Television equipment today transmits sixteen reasonably good pictures a second, and it involves only two essential differences from the process described above. For one, the record is made by a moving beam of electrons rather than a moving pointer, for the reason that an electron beam can sweep across the picture very rapidly indeed. The other difference involves merely the use of a screen which glows momentarily when the electrons hit, rather than a chemically treated paper or film which is permanently altered. This speed is necessary in television, for motion pictures rather than stills are the object.",{"_33":3845,"_35":3846},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3847,"_41":3698,"_43":3848,"_67":3849,"_69":3850,"_71":70},"t1EgGQs2",{},[],"Use chemically treated film in place of the glowing screen, allow the apparatus to transmit one picture only rather than a succession, and a rapid camera for dry photography results. The treated film needs to be far faster in action than present examples, but it probably could be. More serious is the objection that this scheme would involve putting the film inside a vacuum chamber, for electron beams behave normally only in such a rarefied environment. This difficulty could be avoided by allowing the electron beam to play on one side of a partition, and by pressing the film against the other side, if this partition were such as to allow the electrons to go through perpendicular to its surface, and to prevent them from spreading out sideways. Such partitions, in crude form, could certainly be constructed, and they will hardly hold up the general development.",{"_33":3852,"_35":3853},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3854,"_41":3698,"_43":3855,"_67":3856,"_69":3857,"_71":70},"K1L6Vnfe",{},[],"Like dry photography, microphotography still has a long way to go. The basic scheme of reducing the size of the record, and examining it by projection rather than directly, has possibilities too great to be ignored. The combination of optical projection and photographic reduction is already producing some results in microfilm for scholarly purposes, and the potentialities are highly suggestive. Today, with microfilm, reductions by a linear factor of 20 can be employed and still produce full clarity when the material is re-enlarged for examination. The limits are set by the graininess of the film, the excellence of the optical system, and the efficiency of the light sources employed. All of these are rapidly improving.",{"_33":3859,"_35":3860},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3861,"_41":3698,"_43":3862,"_67":3863,"_69":3870,"_71":70},"tAiERhgM",{},[3864],{"_37":526,"_450":3865,"_453":3867,"_43":3869,"_71":70},[3866],288,[3868],311,{},"Assume a linear ratio of 100 for future use. Consider film of the same thickness as paper, although thinner film will certainly be usable. Even under these conditions there would be a total factor of 10,000 between the bulk of the ordinary record on books, and its microfilm replica. The Encyclopædia Britannica could be reduced to the volume of a matchbox. A library of a million volumes could be compressed into one end of a desk. If the human race has produced since the invention of movable type a total record, in the form of magazines, newspapers, books, tracts, advertising blurbs, correspondence, having a volume corresponding to a billion books, the whole affair, assembled and compressed, could be lugged off in a moving van. Mere compression, of course, is not enough; one needs not only to make and store a record but also be able to consult it, and this aspect of the matter comes later. Even the modern great library is not generally consulted; it is nibbled at by a few.",{"_33":3872,"_35":3873},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3874,"_41":3698,"_43":3875,"_67":3876,"_69":3884,"_71":70},"hhWzhvhy",{},[3877],{"_37":526,"_450":3878,"_453":3881,"_43":3883,"_71":70},[3879,3880],90,324,[2249,3882],334,{},"Compression is important, however, when it comes to costs. The material for the microfilm Britannica would cost a nickel, and it could be mailed anywhere for a cent. What would it cost to print a million copies? To print a sheet of newspaper, in a large edition, costs a small fraction of a cent. The entire material of the Britannica in reduced microfilm form would go on a sheet eight and one-half by eleven inches. Once it is available, with the photographic reproduction methods of the future, duplicates in large quantities could probably be turned out for a cent apiece beyond the cost of materials. The preparation of the original copy? That introduces the next aspect of the subject.",{"_37":482,"_39":3886,"_41":3698,"_43":3887,"_67":3888,"_69":3889,"_71":70},"_TGEPVNw",{"_485":486},[],"2",{"_33":3891,"_35":3969},[3892,3899,3906,3913,3920,3927,3934,3941,3948,3955,3962],{"_33":3893,"_35":3894},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3895,"_41":3698,"_43":3896,"_67":3897,"_69":3898,"_71":70},"mcSU_1Z4",{},[],"To make the record, we now push a pencil or tap a typewriter. Then comes the process of digestion and correction, followed by an intricate process of typesetting, printing, and distribution. To consider the first stage of the procedure, will the author of the future cease writing by hand or typewriter and talk directly to the record? He does so indirectly, by talking to a stenographer or a wax cylinder; but the elements are all present if he wishes to have his talk directly produce a typed record. All he needs to do is to take advantage of existing mechanisms and to alter his language.",{"_33":3900,"_35":3901},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3902,"_41":3698,"_43":3903,"_67":3904,"_69":3905,"_71":70},"e1OnZ5ys",{},[],"At a recent World Fair a machine called a Voder was shown. A girl stroked its keys and it emitted recognizable speech. No human vocal chords entered into the procedure at any point; the keys simply combined some electrically produced vibrations and passed these on to a loud-speaker. In the Bell Laboratories there is the converse of this machine, called a Vocoder. The loudspeaker is replaced by a microphone, which picks up sound. Speak to it, and the corresponding keys move. This may be one element of the postulated system.",{"_33":3907,"_35":3908},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3909,"_41":3698,"_43":3910,"_67":3911,"_69":3912,"_71":70},"3_IW5nwv",{},[],"The other element is found in the stenotype, that somewhat disconcerting device encountered usually at public meetings. A girl strokes its keys languidly and looks about the room and sometimes at the speaker with a disquieting gaze. From it emerges a typed strip which records in a phonetically simplified language a record of what the speaker is supposed to have said. Later this strip is retyped into ordinary language, for in its nascent form it is intelligible only to the initiated. Combine these two elements, let the Vocoder run the stenotype, and the result is a machine which types when talked to.",{"_33":3914,"_35":3915},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3916,"_41":3698,"_43":3917,"_67":3918,"_69":3919,"_71":70},"3APnJbW5",{},[],"Our present languages are not especially adapted to this sort of mechanization, it is true. It is strange that the inventors of universal languages have not seized upon the idea of producing one which better fitted the technique for transmitting and recording speech. Mechanization may yet force the issue, especially in the scientific field; whereupon scientific jargon would become still less intelligible to the layman.",{"_33":3921,"_35":3922},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3923,"_41":3698,"_43":3924,"_67":3925,"_69":3926,"_71":70},"vyT4Qh7J",{},[],"One can now picture a future investigator in his laboratory. His hands are free, and he is not anchored. As he moves about and observes, he photographs and comments. Time is automatically recorded to tie the two records together. If he goes into the field, he may be connected by radio to his recorder. As he ponders over his notes in the evening, he again talks his comments into the record. His typed record, as well as his photographs, may both be in miniature, so that he projects them for examination.",{"_33":3928,"_35":3929},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3930,"_41":3698,"_43":3931,"_67":3932,"_69":3933,"_71":70},"DjqvcW_2",{},[],"Much needs to occur, however, between the collection of data and observations, the extraction of parallel material from the existing record, and the final insertion of new material into the general body of the common record. For mature thought there is no mechanical substitute. But creative thought and essentially repetitive thought are very different things. For the latter there are, and may be, powerful mechanical aids.",{"_33":3935,"_35":3936},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3937,"_41":3698,"_43":3938,"_67":3939,"_69":3940,"_71":70},"BQYHdvom",{},[],"Adding a column of figures is a repetitive thought process, and it was long ago properly relegated to the machine. True, the machine is sometimes controlled by a keyboard, and thought of a sort enters in reading the figures and poking the corresponding keys, but even this is avoidable. Machines have been made which will read typed figures by photocells and then depress the corresponding keys; these are combinations of photocells for scanning the type, electric circuits for sorting the consequent variations, and relay circuits for interpreting the result into the action of solenoids to pull the keys down.",{"_33":3942,"_35":3943},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3944,"_41":3698,"_43":3945,"_67":3946,"_69":3947,"_71":70},"wfxQINaa",{},[],"All this complication is needed because of the clumsy way in which we have learned to write figures. If we recorded them positionally, simply by the configuration of a set of dots on a card, the automatic reading mechanism would become comparatively simple. In fact if the dots are holes, we have the punched-card machine long ago produced by Hollorith for the purposes of the census, and now used throughout business. Some types of complex businesses could hardly operate without these machines.",{"_33":3949,"_35":3950},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3951,"_41":3698,"_43":3952,"_67":3953,"_69":3954,"_71":70},"3rsmlV1G",{},[],"Adding is only one operation. To perform arithmetical computation involves also subtraction, multiplication, and division, and in addition some method for temporary storage of results, removal from storage for further manipulation, and recording of final results by printing. Machines for these purposes are now of two types: keyboard machines for accounting and the like, manually controlled for the insertion of data, and usually automatically controlled as far as the sequence of operations is concerned; and punched-card machines in which separate operations are usually delegated to a series of machines, and the cards then transferred bodily from one to another. Both forms are very useful; but as far as complex computations are concerned, both are still in embryo.",{"_33":3956,"_35":3957},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3958,"_41":3698,"_43":3959,"_67":3960,"_69":3961,"_71":70},"HAKoL0UH",{},[],"Rapid electrical counting appeared soon after the physicists found it desirable to count cosmic rays. For their own purposes the physicists promptly constructed thermionic-tube equipment capable of counting electrical impulses at the rate of 100,000 a second. The advanced arithmetical machines of the future will be electrical in nature, and they will perform at 100 times present speeds, or more.",{"_33":3963,"_35":3964},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3965,"_41":3698,"_43":3966,"_67":3967,"_69":3968,"_71":70},"UxBKYabq",{},[],"Moreover, they will be far more versatile than present commercial machines, so that they may readily be adapted for a wide variety of operations. They will be controlled by a control card or film, they will select their own data and manipulate it in accordance with the instructions thus inserted, they will perform complex arithmetical computations at exceedingly high speeds, and they will record results in such form as to be readily available for distribution or for later further manipulation. Such machines will have enormous appetites. One of them will take instructions and data from a whole roomful of girls armed with simple key board punches, and will deliver sheets of computed results every few minutes. There will always be plenty of things to compute in the detailed affairs of millions of people doing complicated things.",{"_37":482,"_39":3970,"_41":3698,"_43":3971,"_67":3972,"_69":3973,"_71":70},"Caz1YMi1",{"_485":486},[],"3",{"_33":3975,"_35":4011},[3976,3983,3990,3997,4004],{"_33":3977,"_35":3978},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3979,"_41":3698,"_43":3980,"_67":3981,"_69":3982,"_71":70},"X0LPMZba",{},[],"The repetitive processes of thought are not confined however, to matters of arithmetic and statistics. In fact, every time one combines and records facts in accordance with established logical processes, the creative aspect of thinking is concerned only with the selection of the data and the process to be employed and the manipulation thereafter is repetitive in nature and hence a fit matter to be relegated to the machine. Not so much has been done along these lines, beyond the bounds of arithmetic, as might be done, primarily because of the economics of the situation. The needs of business and the extensive market obviously waiting, assured the advent of mass-produced arithmetical machines just as soon as production methods were sufficiently advanced.",{"_33":3984,"_35":3985},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3986,"_41":3698,"_43":3987,"_67":3988,"_69":3989,"_71":70},"2eSzLikN",{},[],"With machines for advanced analysis no such situation existed; for there was and is no extensive market; the users of advanced methods of manipulating data are a very small part of the population. There are, however, machines for solving differential equations—and functional and integral equations, for that matter. There are many special machines, such as the harmonic synthesizer which predicts the tides. There will be many more, appearing certainly first in the hands of the scientist and in small numbers.",{"_33":3991,"_35":3992},[],{"_37":161,"_39":3993,"_41":3698,"_43":3994,"_67":3995,"_69":3996,"_71":70},"YpDlMGqW",{},[],"If scientific reasoning were limited to the logical processes of arithmetic, we should not get far in our understanding of the physical world. One might as well attempt to grasp the game of poker entirely by the use of the mathematics of probability. The abacus, with its beads strung on parallel wires, led the Arabs to positional numeration and the concept of zero many centuries before the rest of the world; and it was a useful tool—so useful that it still exists.",{"_33":3998,"_35":3999},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4000,"_41":3698,"_43":4001,"_67":4002,"_69":4003,"_71":70},"BmIiNLll",{},[],"It is a far cry from the abacus to the modern keyboard accounting machine. It will be an equal step to the arithmetical machine of the future. But even this new machine will not take the scientist where he needs to go. Relief must be secured from laborious detailed manipulation of higher mathematics as well, if the users of it are to free their brains for something more than repetitive detailed transformations in accordance with established rules. A mathematician is not a man who can readily manipulate figures; often he cannot. He is not even a man who can readily perform the transformations of equations by the use of calculus. He is primarily an individual who is skilled in the use of symbolic logic on a high plane, and especially he is a man of intuitive judgment in the choice of the manipulative processes he employs.",{"_33":4005,"_35":4006},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4007,"_41":3698,"_43":4008,"_67":4009,"_69":4010,"_71":70},"Fo67osVh",{},[],"All else he should be able to turn over to his mechanism, just as confidently as he turns over the propelling of his car to the intricate mechanism under the hood. Only then will mathematics be practically effective in bringing the growing knowledge of atomistics to the useful solution of the advanced problems of chemistry, metallurgy, and biology. For this reason there still come more machines to handle advanced mathematics for the scientist. Some of them will be sufficiently bizarre to suit the most fastidious connoisseur of the present artifacts of civilization.",{"_37":482,"_39":4012,"_41":3698,"_43":4013,"_67":4014,"_69":4015,"_71":70},"WoW7Eg8x",{"_485":486},[],"4",{"_33":4017,"_35":4088},[4018,4025,4032,4039,4046,4053,4060,4067,4074,4081],{"_33":4019,"_35":4020},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4021,"_41":3698,"_43":4022,"_67":4023,"_69":4024,"_71":70},"dbVFL4fA",{},[],"The scientist, however, is not the only person who manipulates data and examines the world about him by the use of logical processes, although he sometimes preserves this appearance by adopting into the fold anyone who becomes logical, much in the manner in which a British labor leader is elevated to knighthood. Whenever logical processes of thought are employed—that is, whenever thought for a time runs along an accepted groove—there is an opportunity for the machine. Formal logic used to be a keen instrument in the hands of the teacher in his trying of students' souls. It is readily possible to construct a machine which will manipulate premises in accordance with formal logic, simply by the clever use of relay circuits. Put a set of premises into such a device and turn the crank, and it will readily pass out conclusion after conclusion, all in accordance with logical law, and with no more slips than would be expected of a keyboard adding machine.",{"_33":4026,"_35":4027},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4028,"_41":3698,"_43":4029,"_67":4030,"_69":4031,"_71":70},"qI7bXze9",{},[],"Logic can become enormously difficult, and it would undoubtedly be well to produce more assurance in its use. The machines for higher analysis have usually been equation solvers. Ideas are beginning to appear for equation transformers, which will rearrange the relationship expressed by an equation in accordance with strict and rather advanced logic. Progress is inhibited by the exceedingly crude way in which mathematicians express their relationships. They employ a symbolism which grew like Topsy and has little consistency; a strange fact in that most logical field.",{"_33":4033,"_35":4034},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4035,"_41":3698,"_43":4036,"_67":4037,"_69":4038,"_71":70},"2DeyUdzh",{},[],"A new symbolism, probably positional, must apparently precede the reduction of mathematical transformations to machine processes. Then, on beyond the strict logic of the mathematician, lies the application of logic in everyday affairs. We may some day click off arguments on a machine with the same assurance that we now enter sales on a cash register. But the machine of logic will not look like a cash register, even of the streamlined model.",{"_33":4040,"_35":4041},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4042,"_41":3698,"_43":4043,"_67":4044,"_69":4045,"_71":70},"KBnJ0-B0",{},[],"So much for the manipulation of ideas and their insertion into the record. Thus far we seem to be worse off than before—for we can enormously extend the record; yet even in its present bulk we can hardly consult it. This is a much larger matter than merely the extraction of data for the purposes of scientific research; it involves the entire process by which man profits by his inheritance of acquired knowledge. The prime action of use is selection, and here we are halting indeed. There may be millions of fine thoughts, and the account of the experience on which they are based, all encased within stone walls of acceptable architectural form; but if the scholar can get at only one a week by diligent search, his syntheses are not likely to keep up with the current scene.",{"_33":4047,"_35":4048},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4049,"_41":3698,"_43":4050,"_67":4051,"_69":4052,"_71":70},"MYDxRxw5",{},[],"Selection, in this broad sense, is a stone adze in the hands of a cabinetmaker. Yet, in a narrow sense and in other areas, something has already been done mechanically on selection. The personnel officer of a factory drops a stack of a few thousand employee cards into a selecting machine, sets a code in accordance with an established convention, and produces in a short time a list of all employees who live in Trenton and know Spanish. Even such devices are much too slow when it comes, for example, to matching a set of fingerprints with one of five million on file. Selection devices of this sort will soon be speeded up from their present rate of reviewing data at a few hundred a minute. By the use of photocells and microfilm they will survey items at the rate of a thousand a second, and will print out duplicates of those selected.",{"_33":4054,"_35":4055},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4056,"_41":3698,"_43":4057,"_67":4058,"_69":4059,"_71":70},"7JIxh6TR",{},[],"This process, however, is simple selection: it proceeds by examining in turn every one of a large set of items, and by picking out those which have certain specified characteristics. There is another form of selection best illustrated by the automatic telephone exchange. You dial a number and the machine selects and connects just one of a million possible stations. It does not run over them all. It pays attention only to a class given by a first digit, then only to a subclass of this given by the second digit, and so on; and thus proceeds rapidly and almost unerringly to the selected station. It requires a few seconds to make the selection, although the process could be speeded up if increased speed were economically warranted. If necessary, it could be made extremely fast by substituting thermionic-tube switching for mechanical switching, so that the full selection could be made in one one-hundredth of a second. No one would wish to spend the money necessary to make this change in the telephone system, but the general idea is applicable elsewhere.",{"_33":4061,"_35":4062},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4063,"_41":3698,"_43":4064,"_67":4065,"_69":4066,"_71":70},"HSwtph6E",{},[],"Take the prosaic problem of the great department store. Every time a charge sale is made, there are a number of things to be done. The inventory needs to be revised, the salesman needs to be given credit for the sale, the general accounts need an entry, and, most important, the customer needs to be charged. A central records device has been developed in which much of this work is done conveniently. The salesman places on a stand the customer's identification card, his own card, and the card taken from the article sold—all punched cards. When he pulls a lever, contacts are made through the holes, machinery at a central point makes the necessary computations and entries, and the proper receipt is printed for the salesman to pass to the customer.",{"_33":4068,"_35":4069},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4070,"_41":3698,"_43":4071,"_67":4072,"_69":4073,"_71":70},"rDkc-rpW",{},[],"But there may be ten thousand charge customers doing business with the store, and before the full operation can be completed someone has to select the right card and insert it at the central office. Now rapid selection can slide just the proper card into position in an instant or two, and return it afterward. Another difficulty occurs, however. Someone must read a total on the card, so that the machine can add its computed item to it. Conceivably the cards might be of the dry photography type I have described. Existing totals could then be read by photocell, and the new total entered by an electron beam.",{"_33":4075,"_35":4076},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4077,"_41":3698,"_43":4078,"_67":4079,"_69":4080,"_71":70},"VnHx8GEY",{},[],"The cards may be in miniature, so that they occupy little space. They must move quickly. They need not be transferred far, but merely into position so that the photocell and recorder can operate on them. Positional dots can enter the data. At the end of the month a machine can readily be made to read these and to print an ordinary bill. With tube selection, in which no mechanical parts are involved in the switches, little time need be occupied in bringing the correct card into use—a second should suffice for the entire operation. The whole record on the card may be made by magnetic dots on a steel sheet if desired, instead of dots to be observed optically, following the scheme by which Poulsen long ago put speech on a magnetic wire. This method has the advantage of simplicity and ease of erasure. By using photography, however one can arrange to project the record in enlarged form and at a distance by using the process common in television equipment.",{"_33":4082,"_35":4083},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4084,"_41":3698,"_43":4085,"_67":4086,"_69":4087,"_71":70},"Bl9S1vY0",{},[],"One can consider rapid selection of this form, and distant projection for other purposes. To be able to key one sheet of a million before an operator in a second or two, with the possibility of then adding notes thereto, is suggestive in many ways. It might even be of use in libraries, but that is another story. At any rate, there are now some interesting combinations possible. One might, for example, speak to a microphone, in the manner described in connection with the speech controlled typewriter, and thus make his selections. It would certainly beat the usual file clerk.",{"_37":482,"_39":4089,"_41":3698,"_43":4090,"_67":4091,"_69":4092,"_71":70},"823Fb4_N",{"_485":486},[],"5",{"_33":4094,"_35":4158},[4095,4102,4109,4116,4123,4130,4137,4144,4151],{"_33":4096,"_35":4097},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4098,"_41":3698,"_43":4099,"_67":4100,"_69":4101,"_71":70},"-UV4qKcD",{},[],"The real heart of the matter of selection, however, goes deeper than a lag in the adoption of mechanisms by libraries, or a lack of development of devices for their use. Our ineptitude in getting at the record is largely caused by the artificiality of systems of indexing. When data of any sort are placed in storage, they are filed alphabetically or numerically, and information is found (when it is) by tracing it down from subclass to subclass. It can be in only one place, unless duplicates are used; one has to have rules as to which path will locate it, and the rules are cumbersome. Having found one item, moreover, one has to emerge from the system and re-enter on a new path.",{"_33":4103,"_35":4104},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4105,"_41":3698,"_43":4106,"_67":4107,"_69":4108,"_71":70},"BYXDVRVK",{},[],"The human mind does not work that way. It operates by association. With one item in its grasp, it snaps instantly to the next that is suggested by the association of thoughts, in accordance with some intricate web of trails carried by the cells of the brain. It has other characteristics, of course; trails that are not frequently followed are prone to fade, items are not fully permanent, memory is transitory. Yet the speed of action, the intricacy of trails, the detail of mental pictures, is awe-inspiring beyond all else in nature.",{"_33":4110,"_35":4111},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4112,"_41":3698,"_43":4113,"_67":4114,"_69":4115,"_71":70},"cwjOO8BP",{},[],"Man cannot hope fully to duplicate this mental process artificially, but he certainly ought to be able to learn from it. In minor ways he may even improve, for his records have relative permanency. The first idea, however, to be drawn from the analogy concerns selection. Selection by association, rather than indexing, may yet be mechanized. One cannot hope thus to equal the speed and flexibility with which the mind follows an associative trail, but it should be possible to beat the mind decisively in regard to the permanence and clarity of the items resurrected from storage.",{"_33":4117,"_35":4118},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4119,"_41":3698,"_43":4120,"_67":4121,"_69":4122,"_71":70},"AqGRgRAh",{},[],"Consider a future device for individual use, which is a sort of mechanized private file and library. It needs a name, and, to coin one at random, “memex” will do. A memex is a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.",{"_33":4124,"_35":4125},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4126,"_41":3698,"_43":4127,"_67":4128,"_69":4129,"_71":70},"TfWCAxXp",{},[],"It consists of a desk, and while it can presumably be operated from a distance, it is primarily the piece of furniture at which he works. On the top are slanting translucent screens, on which material can be projected for convenient reading. There is a keyboard, and sets of buttons and levers. Otherwise it looks like an ordinary desk.",{"_33":4131,"_35":4132},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4133,"_41":3698,"_43":4134,"_67":4135,"_69":4136,"_71":70},"Ji-nrzmR",{},[],"In one end is the stored material. The matter of bulk is well taken care of by improved microfilm. Only a small part of the interior of the memex is devoted to storage, the rest to mechanism. Yet if the user inserted 5000 pages of material a day it would take him hundreds of years to fill the repository, so he can be profligate and enter material freely.",{"_33":4138,"_35":4139},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4140,"_41":3698,"_43":4141,"_67":4142,"_69":4143,"_71":70},"jYxXQch-",{},[],"Most of the memex contents are purchased on microfilm ready for insertion. Books of all sorts, pictures, current periodicals, newspapers, are thus obtained and dropped into place. Business correspondence takes the same path. And there is provision for direct entry. On the top of the memex is a transparent platen. On this are placed longhand notes, photographs, memoranda, all sorts of things. When one is in place, the depression of a lever causes it to be photographed onto the next blank space in a section of the memex film, dry photography being employed.",{"_33":4145,"_35":4146},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4147,"_41":3698,"_43":4148,"_67":4149,"_69":4150,"_71":70},"3lraYLjj",{},[],"There is, of course, provision for consultation of the record by the usual scheme of indexing. If the user wishes to consult a certain book, he taps its code on the keyboard, and the title page of the book promptly appears before him, projected onto one of his viewing positions. Frequently-used codes are mnemonic, so that he seldom consults his code book; but when he does, a single tap of a key projects it for his use. Moreover, he has supplemental levers. On deflecting one of these levers to the right he runs through the book before him, each page in turn being projected at a speed which just allows a recognizing glance at each. If he deflects it further to the right, he steps through the book 10 pages at a time; still further at 100 pages at a time. Deflection to the left gives him the same control backwards.",{"_33":4152,"_35":4153},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4154,"_41":3698,"_43":4155,"_67":4156,"_69":4157,"_71":70},"EN57UWfJ",{},[],"A special button transfers him immediately to the first page of the index. Any given book of his library can thus be called up and consulted with far greater facility than if it were taken from a shelf. As he has several projection positions, he can leave one item in position while he calls up another. He can add marginal notes and comments, taking advantage of one possible type of dry photography, and it could even be arranged so that he can do this by a stylus scheme, such as is now employed in the telautograph seen in railroad waiting rooms, just as though he had the physical page before him.",{"_37":482,"_39":4159,"_41":3698,"_43":4160,"_67":4161,"_69":4162,"_71":70},"hE72EiW7",{"_485":486},[],"6",{"_33":4164,"_35":4200},[4165,4172,4179,4186,4193],{"_33":4166,"_35":4167},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4168,"_41":3698,"_43":4169,"_67":4170,"_69":4171,"_71":70},"TlXiaXp1",{},[],"All this is conventional, except for the projection forward of present-day mechanisms and gadgetry. It affords an immediate step, however, to associative indexing, the basic idea of which is a provision whereby any item may be caused at will to select immediately and automatically another. This is the essential feature of the memex. The process of tying two items together is the important thing.",{"_33":4173,"_35":4174},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4175,"_41":3698,"_43":4176,"_67":4177,"_69":4178,"_71":70},"h2eYi2q9",{},[],"When the user is building a trail, he names it, inserts the name in his code book, and taps it out on his keyboard. Before him are the two items to be joined, projected onto adjacent viewing positions. At the bottom of each there are a number of blank code spaces, and a pointer is set to indicate one of these on each item. The user taps a single key, and the items are permanently joined. In each code space appears the code word. Out of view, but also in the code space, is inserted a set of dots for photocell viewing; and on each item these dots by their positions designate the index number of the other item.",{"_33":4180,"_35":4181},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4182,"_41":3698,"_43":4183,"_67":4184,"_69":4185,"_71":70},"rkpILk1-",{},[],"Thereafter, at any time, when one of these items is in view, the other can be instantly recalled merely by tapping a button below the corresponding code space. Moreover, when numerous items have been thus joined together to form a trail, they can be reviewed in turn, rapidly or slowly, by deflecting a lever like that used for turning the pages of a book. It is exactly as though the physical items had been gathered together from widely separated sources and bound together to form a new book. It is more than this, for any item can be joined into numerous trails.",{"_33":4187,"_35":4188},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4189,"_41":3698,"_43":4190,"_67":4191,"_69":4192,"_71":70},"K-wqZnlN",{},[],"The owner of the memex, let us say, is interested in the origin and properties of the bow and arrow. Specifically he is studying why the short Turkish bow was apparently superior to the English long bow in the skirmishes of the Crusades. He has dozens of possibly pertinent books and articles in his memex. First he runs through an encyclopedia, finds an interesting but sketchy article, leaves it projected. Next, in a history, he finds another pertinent item, and ties the two together. Thus he goes, building a trail of many items. Occasionally he inserts a comment of his own, either linking it into the main trail or joining it by a side trail to a particular item. When it becomes evident that the elastic properties of available materials had a great deal to do with the bow, he branches off on a side trail which takes him through textbooks on elasticity and tables of physical constants. He inserts a page of longhand analysis of his own. Thus he builds a trail of his interest through the maze of materials available to him.",{"_33":4194,"_35":4195},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4196,"_41":3698,"_43":4197,"_67":4198,"_69":4199,"_71":70},"DAwmGiOq",{},[],"And his trails do not fade. Several years later, his talk with a friend turns to the queer ways in which a people resist innovations, even of vital interest. He has an example, in the fact that the outraged Europeans still failed to adopt the Turkish bow. In fact he has a trail on it. A touch brings up the code book. Tapping a few keys projects the head of the trail. A lever runs through it at will, stopping at interesting items, going off on side excursions. It is an interesting trail, pertinent to the discussion. So he sets a reproducer in action, photographs the whole trail out, and passes it to his friend for insertion in his own memex, there to be linked into the more general trail.",{"_37":482,"_39":4201,"_41":3698,"_43":4202,"_67":4203,"_69":4204,"_71":70},"p1OJYYyQ",{"_485":486},[],"7",{"_33":4206,"_35":4277},[4207,4214,4221,4228,4235,4242,4249,4256,4263,4270],{"_33":4208,"_35":4209},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4210,"_41":3698,"_43":4211,"_67":4212,"_69":4213,"_71":70},"aJ5f5jF5",{},[],"Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified. The lawyer has at his touch the associated opinions and decisions of his whole experience, and of the experience of friends and authorities. The patent attorney has on call the millions of issued patents, with familiar trails to every point of his client’s interest. The physician, puzzled by a patient’s reactions, strikes the trail established in studying an earlier similar case, and runs rapidly through analogous case histories, with side references to the classics for the pertinent anatomy and histology. The chemist, struggling with the synthesis of an organic compound, has all the chemical literature before him in his laboratory, with trails following the analogies of compounds, and side trails to their physical and chemical behavior.",{"_33":4215,"_35":4216},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4217,"_41":3698,"_43":4218,"_67":4219,"_69":4220,"_71":70},"CrI3YWur",{},[],"The historian, with a vast chronological account of a people, parallels it with a skip trail which stops only on the salient items, and can follow at any time contemporary trails which lead him all over civilization at a particular epoch. There is a new profession of trail blazers, those who find delight in the task of establishing useful trails through the enormous mass of the common record. The inheritance from the master becomes, not only his additions to the world's record, but for his disciples the entire scaffolding by which they were erected.",{"_33":4222,"_35":4223},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4224,"_41":3698,"_43":4225,"_67":4226,"_69":4227,"_71":70},"U_9LaT7O",{},[],"Thus science may implement the ways in which man produces, stores, and consults the record of the race. It might be striking to outline the instrumentalities of the future more spectacularly, rather than to stick closely to methods and elements now known and undergoing rapid development, as has been done here. Technical difficulties of all sorts have been ignored, certainly, but also ignored are means as yet unknown which may come any day to accelerate technical progress as violently as did the advent of the thermionic tube. In order that the picture may not be too commonplace, by reason of sticking to present-day patterns, it may be well to mention one such possibility, not to prophesy but merely to suggest, for prophecy based on extension of the known has substance, while prophecy founded on the unknown is only a doubly involved guess.",{"_33":4229,"_35":4230},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4231,"_41":3698,"_43":4232,"_67":4233,"_69":4234,"_71":70},"rbCVLzDH",{},[],"All our steps in creating or absorbing material of the record proceed through one of the senses—the tactile when we touch keys, the oral when we speak or listen, the visual when we read. Is it not possible that some day the path may be established more directly?",{"_33":4236,"_35":4237},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4238,"_41":3698,"_43":4239,"_67":4240,"_69":4241,"_71":70},"tUjyp4qQ",{},[],"We know that when the eye sees, all the consequent information is transmitted to the brain by means of electrical vibrations in the channel of the optic nerve. This is an exact analogy with the electrical vibrations which occur in the cable of a television set: they convey the picture from the photocells which see it to the radio transmitter from which it is broadcast. We know further that if we can approach that cable with the proper instruments, we do not need to touch it; we can pick up those vibrations by electrical induction and thus discover and reproduce the scene which is being transmitted, just as a telephone wire may be tapped for its message.",{"_33":4243,"_35":4244},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4245,"_41":3698,"_43":4246,"_67":4247,"_69":4248,"_71":70},"tRsbCa9_",{},[],"The impulses which flow in the arm nerves of a typist convey to her fingers the translated information which reaches her eye or ear, in order that the fingers may be caused to strike the proper keys. Might not these currents be intercepted, either in the original form in which information is conveyed to the brain, or in the marvelously metamorphosed form in which they then proceed to the hand?",{"_33":4250,"_35":4251},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4252,"_41":3698,"_43":4253,"_67":4254,"_69":4255,"_71":70},"-RUSQJGe",{},[],"By bone conduction we already introduce sounds: into the nerve channels of the deaf in order that they may hear. Is it not possible that we may learn to introduce them without the present cumbersomeness of first transforming electrical vibrations to mechanical ones, which the human mechanism promptly transforms back to the electrical form? With a couple of electrodes on the skull the encephalograph now produces pen-and-ink traces which bear some relation to the electrical phenomena going on in the brain itself. True, the record is unintelligible, except as it points out certain gross misfunctioning of the cerebral mechanism; but who would now place bounds on where such a thing may lead?",{"_33":4257,"_35":4258},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4259,"_41":3698,"_43":4260,"_67":4261,"_69":4262,"_71":70},"DOt3yVEX",{},[],"In the outside world, all forms of intelligence whether of sound or sight, have been reduced to the form of varying currents in an electric circuit in order that they may be transmitted. Inside the human frame exactly the same sort of process occurs. Must we always transform to mechanical movements in order to proceed from one electrical phenomenon to another? It is a suggestive thought, but it hardly warrants prediction without losing touch with reality and immediateness.",{"_33":4264,"_35":4265},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4266,"_41":3698,"_43":4267,"_67":4268,"_69":4269,"_71":70},"O9yaYqlH",{},[],"Presumably man’s spirit should be elevated if he can better review his shady past and analyze more completely and objectively his present problems. He has built a civilization so complex that he needs to mechanize his records more fully if he is to push his experiment to its logical conclusion and not merely become bogged down part way there by overtaxing his limited memory. His excursions may be more enjoyable if he can reacquire the privilege of forgetting the manifold things he does not need to have immediately at hand, with some assurance that he can find them again if they prove important.",{"_33":4271,"_35":4272},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4273,"_41":3698,"_43":4274,"_67":4275,"_69":4276,"_71":70},"xlkEDzl2",{},[],"The applications of science have built man a well-supplied house, and are teaching him to live healthily therein. They have enabled him to throw masses of people against one another with cruel weapons. They may yet allow him truly to encompass the great record and to grow in the wisdom of race experience. He may perish in conflict before he learns to wield that record for his true good. Yet, in the application of science to the needs and desires of man, it would seem to be a singularly unfortunate stage at which to terminate the process, or to lose hope as to the outcome.",{"_37":482,"_39":4278,"_41":3698,"_43":4279,"_67":4280,"_69":4281,"_71":70},"08ZdhY57",{"_485":486},[],"8",[237],"/records/as-we-may-think","2025-04-02T15:47:27.962Z",{"_83":345,"_174":346,"_347":8},{},{"_39":323,"_96":55,"_56":4288,"_72":326,"_98":-5,"_99":-5,"_100":-5,"_101":-5,"_95":6},[57,325],1771826057481,[150,323,326],"[\"ENTITY\",\"hm://z6MkrvYZzMYaCxyjbFWsZicdPCrcVmiXvgeY3i65GERQjjoH/records/as-we-may-think\",\"bafy2bzacec3kkhk7fwcoj2r3igjlqws2osakiwpnxyimlpsnklxrxwtyn6bpu\"]",{"_111":4293,"_148":5064,"_151":5065},{"_113":4294,"_132":133,"_134":5063,"_136":-5,"_137":138,"_139":138,"_140":138,"_141":-5,"_142":-5,"_143":8,"_144":145,"_146":147},{"_37":28,"_28":4295,"_39":5061},{"_30":4296,"_72":353,"_73":55,"_74":5057,"_56":5058,"_77":360,"_79":360,"_81":5059,"_85":5060,"_87":353,"_89":90},[4297,4312,4323,4332,4343,4370,4410,4443,4504,4596,4744,4814,4842,4870,4891,4911],{"_33":4298,"_35":4299},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4300,"_41":353,"_43":4301,"_67":4302,"_69":4311,"_71":70},"XhasNcRw",{},[4303],{"_37":943,"_450":4304,"_453":4308,"_43":4310,"_71":70},[138,4305,4306,4307],20,32,47,[3661,2113,1101,4309],60,{},"Andrew M. Fountain, Wendy Hall, Ian Heath, and Hugh C. Davis",{"_33":4313,"_35":4314},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4315,"_41":353,"_43":4316,"_67":4317,"_69":4322,"_71":70},"uhPy138g",{},[4318],{"_37":526,"_450":4319,"_453":4320,"_43":4321,"_71":70},[138],[2101],{},"Department of Electronics and Computer Science University of Southampton Southampton SO95NH",{"_33":4324,"_35":4325},[],{"_37":3352,"_39":4326,"_41":353,"_43":4327,"_67":4330,"_69":70,"_71":4331},"_lUdRhiX",{"_3355":4328,"_83":4329},582465,"298-311_Fountain.pdf",[],"ipfs://bafybeiaajxfk7wgbxs7ax2wikm32bz7h4filzpiun5wbxueydhioosfdkm",{"_33":4333,"_35":4334},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4335,"_41":353,"_43":4336,"_67":4337,"_69":4342,"_71":70},"kisyDkpB",{},[4338],{"_37":943,"_450":4339,"_453":4340,"_43":4341,"_71":70},[138],[452],{},"ABSTRACT: There are currently a number of commercially available hypertext and hypermedia systems, of varying levels of sophistication and usability, but there are still many problems to be resolved in the design of such systems. In this paper, we itemise some of the major problems that we have identified as possibly causing a barrier to the growth and development of hypermedia applications outside the research community. A model of an open hypermedia architecture with dynamic linking features is proposed that moves some way to resolving these problems, and the first implementation of the system, Microcosm, is presented and discussed.",{"_33":4344,"_35":4345},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4346,"_41":353,"_43":4347,"_67":4348,"_69":4369,"_71":70},"o_PfuGMM",{},[4349,4353,4358,4363],{"_37":943,"_450":4350,"_453":4351,"_43":4352,"_71":70},[138],[452],{},{"_37":449,"_450":4354,"_453":4355,"_43":4356,"_71":4357},[3659],[4305],{},"hm://d/P8AJ4RvURPbDMQKyTsgWCo?v=bafy2bzacebjgt6zf7xm4uxy6e7aq6jnqme44zrcm57ukhapcz2f5dw3szgydy",{"_37":449,"_450":4359,"_453":4360,"_43":4361,"_71":4362},[2145],[2170],{},"hm://d/5yKBJKR5baKz6ZL5LumwPX?v=bafy2bzacebjhoib5lu33ljxcqj3f222j6jj5ujzx24btgkhoxioditxljaclc",{"_37":449,"_450":4364,"_453":4365,"_43":4367,"_71":4368},[946],[4366],51,{},"hm://d/EgtvG7xCvqmdaKMDCsCSy8?v=bafy2bzaceakrdbigvs2qbh32w7hwi3c6hbgv6el3umq5jek7aub4c2g6ynoao","KEYWORDS: #hypertext, #multimedia, #dynamic linking",{"_33":4371,"_35":4405},[4372,4379,4398],{"_33":4373,"_35":4374},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4375,"_41":353,"_43":4376,"_67":4377,"_69":4378,"_71":70},"NnRF5d0l",{},[],"The terms hypertext and hypermedia are now so well known that definitions are unnecessary. Advances in computer power and performance have permitted the visionary concepts put forward by Bush [1945], Engelbart [1963] and Nelson [1967] to become a practical reality and we are now in a position to explore the implications, both positive and negative, of using hypertext systems for the management of information. The need for us to be able to control and utilise the phenomenal amounts of information that will be available to us through advances in technology, is the driving force behind the rapid pace of developments in hypertext and hypermedia systems. Much of the textual information that is available in the world today is stored or originally created in electronic format can be revised, edited and distributed easily as text files in a computer system. When we add to this the potential afforded by developments in optical disc technology for the storage of vast amounts of information from different media, we see the dawning of a new age of information processing.",{"_33":4380,"_35":4381},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4382,"_41":353,"_43":4383,"_67":4384,"_69":4397,"_71":70},"9rQ7cSUm",{},[4385],{"_37":526,"_450":4386,"_453":4391,"_43":4396,"_71":70},[4387,4388,4389,4390],568,672,699,726,[4392,4393,4394,4395],574,678,705,732,{},"Traditional ways of presenting and distributing information in a linear fashion are no longer sufficient, and conventional database technology does not permit the wide range of functions required to fully exploit the potential of the new multimedia information systems. Neither of these strategies will become redundant but new systems must be developed that combine support for structured text, the handling of large volumes of data, the ability to mix media, and the freedom for the reader to switch seamlessly between the mixed media documents in the system [Rahtz et al. 1989a]. Hypertext and hypermedia techniques seem to offer much potential in this context ([Rahtz et al. 1989], [Yankelovich et al. 1988], [Shneiderman et al. 1989), but whilst providing solutions to many information processing problems, they naturally give rise to further sets of usability problems that have yet to be resolved ([Halasz 1988], [Nielsen 1990a]).",{"_33":4399,"_35":4400},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4401,"_41":353,"_43":4402,"_67":4403,"_69":4404,"_71":70},"pF2EWBai",{},[],"The use of hypertext and hypermedia systems is still largely confined to the research community. This is partly because of the limitations of commercially available systems and partly because of the tremendous effort required to create and maintain a hypertext system. These issues are compounded by the fact that currently available hypertext packages are basically closed systems, so that if material is created in one system it is very difficult to integrate it with material created in another system. We believe that this is a major barrier to the growth and development of hypertext and hypermedia applications outside the research community. This paper describes the design and implementation of a dynamic model of hypermedia that moves some way towards resolving these problems.",{"_37":482,"_39":4406,"_41":353,"_43":4407,"_67":4408,"_69":4409,"_71":70},"Jow66E4S",{"_485":486},[],"1 Introduction",{"_33":4411,"_35":4438},[4412,4419,4426],{"_33":4413,"_35":4414},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4415,"_41":353,"_43":4416,"_67":4417,"_69":4418,"_71":70},"Vu5aXi7E",{},[],"Nielsen's new book [Nielsen 1990b] gives a very full account of the nature of hypertext and hypermedia and describes the major systems that are currendy available. The two most widely used, certainly in the U.K., are Apple's HyperCard and OWL's Guide. It is a debatable point whether HyperCard can actually be described as a hypertext system. Its strength is in its rapid prototyping capabilities and it can certainly be used to simulate a hypertext environment through the means of its scripting language, HyperTalk. On the other hand, Guide developed from a research base at the University of Kent [Brown 1986], and was designed as a tool for reading documents on a computer. Guide has many well-defined and well-designed hypertext features which make it very easy to use. Version 2 of Guide had only limited extensibility but version 3, which has recently been released, incorporates a full scripting language.",{"_33":4420,"_35":4421},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4422,"_41":353,"_43":4423,"_67":4424,"_69":4425,"_71":70},"D7YX0WcL",{},[],"Both Guide and HyperCard have become successful commercially because they are easy to use and are readily available on the most widely used personal computer workstations, namely the IBM pc (or compatibles) and the Apple Macintosh. HyperCard is of course only available for the Macintosh range of computers but Apple's marketing ploy of giving a copy of HyperCard away free with every Macintosh has served to make HyperCard phenomenally successful as an application development environment. It is also possible to extend both Guide and HyperCard to incorporate multimedia information (such as image, sound and video) so that they can be classified as hypermedia systems. However, neither system provides a means for cataloguing or manipulating information about links independently from the documents in which they are activated. This means it is very difficult to provide summary information about links for maintaining, updating and enhancing the system, or to provide graphical browsing facilities and other sophisticated navigation tools. Guide overcomes navigation problems by controlling the types of buttons that the author can use and by emphasising the use of 'replacement' buttons in a scrolling text. However, HyperCard encourages a 'goto' approach to the creation of button and links and its very flexibility can be its downfall as far as controlling the development of the application is concerned.",{"_33":4427,"_35":4428},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4429,"_41":353,"_43":4430,"_67":4431,"_69":4437,"_71":70},"iSJK1YVZ",{},[4432],{"_37":526,"_450":4433,"_453":4435,"_43":4436,"_71":70},[4434],68,[2183],{},"Other well-known hypertext systems, such as Intermedia [Yankelovich et al. 1988], Notecards [Halasz 1988] and Hyperties [Shneiderman 1987], have also developed out of large research projects and contain many highly sophisticated and well-researched hypertext features and navigation tools. They all embody the concept of a database of nodes and links but with very different models of design. The Intermedia project at Brown University is probably the most well- known and most often referenced hypertext research project. It was designed for educational use at the university level and has been used to teach several courses in subjects such as biology and English literature. Hyperties is well-known as the system in which the hypertext version of the July'88 issue of the CACM was issued, and for the computer-based version of the book Hypertext Hands On [Shneiderman & Kearsley 1989]. It is available for the IBM pc and has been used extensively for museum applications [Shneiderman *et al. *1989]. Intermedia and Notecards both require high-powered Unix workstations and this may limit their use outside of the research environment in the immediate future.",{"_37":482,"_39":4439,"_41":353,"_43":4440,"_67":4441,"_69":4442,"_71":70},"uzofeeFl",{"_485":486},[],"2 Current Hypermedia Systems",{"_33":4444,"_35":4499},[4445,4452,4463,4474,4485,4492],{"_33":4446,"_35":4447},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4448,"_41":353,"_43":4449,"_67":4450,"_69":4451,"_71":70},"MduvnlBF",{},[],"We consider that there are four problems common to many current hypertext systems, which act as possible barriers to the creation, extension and integration of hypertext document systems.",{"_33":4453,"_35":4454},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4455,"_41":353,"_43":4456,"_67":4457,"_69":4462,"_71":70},"8M9w4xkw",{},[4458],{"_37":526,"_450":4459,"_453":4460,"_43":4461,"_71":70},[138],[2054],{},"Authoring effort required. The large effort required to insert links into documents is seen as one of the main limitations of hypertext systems. Documents are becoming available in computer readable form far faster than they can be converted to hypertext. The user of a hypertext system may often feel frustration that they are limited to the documents that have been painstakingly converted to run under their system.",{"_33":4464,"_35":4465},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4466,"_41":353,"_43":4467,"_67":4468,"_69":4473,"_71":70},"PVZuuQS9",{},[4469],{"_37":526,"_450":4470,"_453":4471,"_43":4472,"_71":70},[138],[2099],{},"Hypertext systems are closed. Hypertext systems are usually run as stand alone programs and will not communicate bi-directionally with other software packages. Often it is possible to add drivers to extend the system, but these connections are not usually bi-directional in the sense that external programs can access the hypertext linking mechanisms. It is seen as important to be able to integrate a hypertext system into the user's whole environment and this requires an open system. When multimedia documents are used, it is often necessary to add support for extra video/graphics formats. A system that has been designed to be open can provide for this sort of extensibility.",{"_33":4475,"_35":4476},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4477,"_41":353,"_43":4478,"_67":4479,"_69":4484,"_71":70},"scWgQgWd",{},[4480],{"_37":526,"_450":4481,"_453":4482,"_43":4483,"_71":70},[138],[2099],{},"Proprietary document formats. In general it is not possible to take documents produced in one system (e.g. Guide) and use them in another (e.g. Hypercard). Document formats are sometimes closely guarded secrets. This exacerbates the authoring problem above, and makes it difficult to write conversion programs from one format into another.",{"_33":4486,"_35":4487},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4488,"_41":353,"_43":4489,"_67":4490,"_69":4491,"_71":70},"mqBgd_hm",{},[],"*Problems with read-only media. *Many hypertext systems implement links by means of tags and pointers embedded in documents. With CD-ROMs and networked files it is not possible to freely add links into documents. Although hypertext CD-ROMs are available, the links are hard-coded into the documents and cannot be added to or changed on the medium itself. We believe that it is vital for the users of hypertext systems to be able to add their own links and annotations.",{"_33":4493,"_35":4494},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4495,"_41":353,"_43":4496,"_67":4497,"_69":4498,"_71":70},"FlPgRU7L",{},[],"Clearly, some hypertext systems partly solve these problems, for example Intermedia keeps link information separate from the documents themselves, but we have attempted to design a new system that solves them all by providing an open model for hypertext/hypermedia with dynamic linking capabilities. The first instantiation of this new system is called Microcosm.",{"_37":482,"_39":4500,"_41":353,"_43":4501,"_67":4502,"_69":4503,"_71":70},"3dMQtrbn",{"_485":486},[],"3 Problems with Current Systems",{"_33":4505,"_35":4591},[4506,4513,4520,4532,4543,4555,4562,4569,4576,4583],{"_33":4507,"_35":4508},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4509,"_41":353,"_43":4510,"_67":4511,"_69":4512,"_71":70},"Alh3AHFG",{},[],"Microcosm has been designed with a set of guiding principles. Each design decision was made by evaluating the alternatives against this set of principles:",{"_33":4514,"_35":4515},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4516,"_41":353,"_43":4517,"_67":4518,"_69":4519,"_71":70},"X8FnIu02",{},[],"*No ultimate distinction between author and user: *All users should be in a position to add linking information to the system. The task of having to structure knowledge by adding links can be an effective learning experience and does not belong only to the teacher domain.",{"_33":4521,"_35":4522},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4523,"_41":353,"_43":4524,"_67":4525,"_69":4531,"_71":70},"t6qtkOue",{},[4526],{"_37":526,"_450":4527,"_453":4528,"_43":4530,"_71":70},[138],[4529],59,{},"Loosely coupled system with a low level of interdependency: Microcosm is not just one program, it is a set of communicating tasks, open in structure. It should be possible to couple any other program into the system.",{"_33":4533,"_35":4534},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4535,"_41":353,"_43":4536,"_67":4537,"_69":4542,"_71":70},"2tJwvp4F",{},[4538],{"_37":526,"_450":4539,"_453":4540,"_43":4541,"_71":70},[138],[455],{},"Modular to allow for slot-in experimental replacements. Microcosm is intended to be the workbench for a research environment. Every element, such as the linker, the document viewers, etc. must be replaceable. The system must be configurable and flexible so it may be used for investigating different ideas.",{"_33":4544,"_35":4545},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4546,"_41":353,"_43":4547,"_67":4548,"_69":4554,"_71":70},"CYcLBOs4",{},[4549],{"_37":526,"_450":4550,"_453":4551,"_43":4553,"_71":70},[138],[4552],38,{},"Separation of links from data objects: Information about relationships between documents is separated from the documents themselves, and is abstracted to a higher level. There are two worlds of information: the world of raw information: resource bases of text, graphics, video and sound; and the world of relationships and links between ideas, words, phrases, images and documents. Microcosm aims to keep these separate.",{"_33":4556,"_35":4557},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4558,"_41":353,"_43":4559,"_67":4560,"_69":4561,"_71":70},"PAni92Q3",{},[],"Document, Viewers",{"_33":4563,"_35":4564},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4565,"_41":353,"_43":4566,"_67":4567,"_69":4568,"_71":70},"G9JBMT0M",{},[],"External Windows Application",{"_33":4570,"_35":4571},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4572,"_41":353,"_43":4573,"_67":4574,"_69":4575,"_71":70},"e6oSI4sj",{},[],"External DOS - Application",{"_33":4577,"_35":4578},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4579,"_41":353,"_43":4580,"_67":4581,"_69":4582,"_71":70},"S2YqR81f",{},[],"Document Control System",{"_33":4584,"_35":4585},[],{"_37":554,"_39":4586,"_41":353,"_43":4587,"_67":4588,"_69":4589,"_71":4590},"2Fl1gbfU",{},[],"Figure 1: Microcosm Tasks","ipfs://bafkreieuf6gimgzpw3p3txjofux4e6uf7uhjuj5a2o7hxsa4mgvyjufkha",{"_37":482,"_39":4592,"_41":353,"_43":4593,"_67":4594,"_69":4595,"_71":70},"nHRfE2hD",{"_485":486},[],"4 Principles",{"_33":4597,"_35":4739},[4598,4625,4666],{"_33":4599,"_35":4616},[4600],{"_33":4601,"_35":4602},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4603,"_41":353,"_43":4604,"_67":4605,"_69":4615,"_71":70},"zTvUzCuZ",{},[4606],{"_37":526,"_450":4607,"_453":4610,"_43":4614,"_71":70},[4309,4608,4609],242,876,[4611,4612,4613],83,258,897,{},"In a Microcosm session, at least two tasks are running. The Document Control System opens documents routes messages and supports links. Most of the time it is not visible to the user except as an icon at the bottom of the screen. One or more Document Viewers are used to display document on the screen. One viewer is running for each document visible. Different viewers are used for different types of document or medium. Currently there are viewers for text (plain ASCII), monochrome and colour bit-mapped graphics, vector graphics, animated graphics, CD sound, and still or moving video from a video disk. There may be a mix of viewers on the screen at the same time and the software imposes no limit in practice to the number running. Document viewers communicate by means of messages, and all messages are routed through the Document Control System. A third type of task, External Applications may also be running. These are applications which are not part of the Microcosm system but can be linked in by the Document Control System. For example, a spreadsheet can be used for graphing figures, or information can be extracted from a database, or from another hypertext system.",{"_37":482,"_39":4617,"_41":353,"_43":4618,"_67":4619,"_69":4624,"_71":70},"46jxSdky",{"_485":486},[4620],{"_37":526,"_450":4621,"_453":4622,"_43":4623,"_71":70},[138],[1432],{},"5.1 Microcosm Tasks",{"_33":4626,"_35":4657},[4627,4642,4650],{"_33":4628,"_35":4629},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4630,"_41":353,"_43":4631,"_67":4632,"_69":4641,"_71":70},"Y8GjrY7D",{},[4633],{"_37":526,"_450":4634,"_453":4637,"_43":4640,"_71":70},[4635,4636],186,427,[4638,4639],197,446,{},"The basic mechanism of Microcosm is the message. It is used for following links, creating links, opening new documents and invoking programs. The message contains three essential parts: a selection which will typically be one or more words of text or an area of an image or graphic object selected by the user, an action which is to be performed on the selection, such as \"follow link\" or \"look this up in the dictionary\"; and context information which includes the name of the document containing the selection, its position in that document, the date, and the user's name.",{"_33":4643,"_35":4644},[],{"_37":554,"_39":4645,"_41":353,"_43":4646,"_67":4647,"_69":4648,"_71":4649},"gKTGpRfz",{},[],"Figure 2: Message Format","ipfs://bafkreid44jpqak6czdm3wjmmrsgr3hrbauwmghcoeg44byvvas7wozrble",{"_33":4651,"_35":4652},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4653,"_41":353,"_43":4654,"_67":4655,"_69":4656,"_71":70},"lJ-rEo2a",{},[],"A message can be created in two ways. The simplest way is by the user highlighting a selection on the screen using a mouse, and then pulling down a menu of actions from a menu bar. Chosing an action will cause the message to be dispatched. The context information is provided by the document viewer. Messages are also created when buttons are pressed. Each document that has had buttons created for it has a button file associated with it. This button file contains a list of the locations of buttons within the document. A selection and an action are also stored for each button. A button then is merely a pre-defined selection bound to an action. It is a special case of the much more general message mechanism.",{"_37":482,"_39":4658,"_41":353,"_43":4659,"_67":4660,"_69":4665,"_71":70},"lZI8HeO-",{"_485":486},[4661],{"_37":526,"_450":4662,"_453":4663,"_43":4664,"_71":70},[138],[2145],{},"5.2 Microcosm Messages",{"_33":4667,"_35":4730},[4668,4684,4691,4698,4706,4714,4722],{"_33":4669,"_35":4670},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4671,"_41":353,"_43":4672,"_67":4673,"_69":4683,"_71":70},"Lyxt82fM",{},[4674],{"_37":526,"_450":4675,"_453":4678,"_43":4682,"_71":70},[533,4676,4677],303,458,[4679,4680,4681],241,320,469,{},"When the Document Control System receives a message it processes it according to the action. Each action has a task associated with it, and the task will be started up and send the required message. For example, if the action was create link then the message will be sent to the link creator. If it was search dictionary then the DOS dictionary application will be invoked with the message placed on the command line or in a data file as desired. The action follow link is the most common and so will be described in more detail.",{"_33":4685,"_35":4686},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4687,"_41":353,"_43":4688,"_67":4689,"_69":4690,"_71":70},"nZe1eheW",{},[],"Links are stored in a link database. This is a simple flat file system with one record per link. Each record associates a link message with a dispatch message. When the linker receives a follow link action, it attempts to match the rest of the message with a link message in the database. The way this match is performed is dependant on information entered at the time the links were created about how specific or general the link is. If a match is found, then the dispatch message is sent back to the Document Control System. It contains the name of the target document and offset into it where the link was directed. This information is used to start up a Document Viewer of the appropriate type, load the target document, and move to the specified location. In this instance, the user is not aware of the operation of the Document Control System at all. As far as they are concerned they have asked to follow a link and the new document has appeared in another window.",{"_33":4692,"_35":4693},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4694,"_41":353,"_43":4695,"_67":4696,"_69":4697,"_71":70},"prbInvgr",{},[],"Things are slightly more complicated if more than one link is available from a given selection. The user is then presented with a menu of links from which one or more may be chosen. Figures 3—6 illustrate the process of creating and following links",{"_33":4699,"_35":4700},[],{"_37":554,"_39":4701,"_41":353,"_43":4702,"_67":4703,"_69":4704,"_71":4705},"mILPCyxW",{},[],"Figure 3: Screen shot of Microcosm showing a file relating to the Mountbatten archive from which the user has chosen to make a link on the phrase ","ipfs://bafkreidrqhxg775kmvh76nzrbuaiqdhhn5ju3ytnfxxe52z3lcvkgjiq4q",{"_33":4707,"_35":4708},[],{"_37":554,"_39":4709,"_41":353,"_43":4710,"_67":4711,"_69":4712,"_71":4713},"ND8F-lHc",{},[],"Figure 4: The link database has three links for the word ","ipfs://bafybeifp562aogtgfq25rhm7dlsfkqj3y5yekxksdinpjkcoq53755quuy",{"_33":4715,"_35":4716},[],{"_37":554,"_39":4717,"_41":353,"_43":4718,"_67":4719,"_69":4720,"_71":4721},"zuhH0vdX",{},[],"Figure 5: The biography text file appears in another window and the user chooses to complete the link made on the phrase ","ipfs://bafybeihc7k4xgcrecakcgypxqrbuussmsic3lsvlf35mpbgberoi3tdipq",{"_33":4723,"_35":4724},[],{"_37":554,"_39":4725,"_41":353,"_43":4726,"_67":4727,"_69":4728,"_71":4729},"V7yFg_xS",{},[],"Figure 6: The link is made to apply from anywhere in any document. Thus a generic link has been created on the phrase ","ipfs://bafybeih5uylsxrfyges7ssdjmryvaiw3jldqin7mqjp2vgq5sqjgzojh4u",{"_37":482,"_39":4731,"_41":353,"_43":4732,"_67":4733,"_69":4738,"_71":70},"193SB84G",{"_485":486},[4734],{"_37":526,"_450":4735,"_453":4736,"_43":4737,"_71":70},[138],[2145],{},"5.3 Message Processing",{"_37":482,"_39":4740,"_41":353,"_43":4741,"_67":4742,"_69":4743,"_71":70},"Xtc9lzuN",{"_485":486},[],"5 Design",{"_33":4745,"_35":4809},[4746,4773,4791],{"_33":4747,"_35":4763},[4748],{"_33":4749,"_35":4750},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4751,"_41":353,"_43":4752,"_67":4753,"_69":4762,"_71":70},"6qxZHgpv",{},[4754],{"_37":526,"_450":4755,"_453":4758,"_43":4761,"_71":70},[4756,4757],140,1060,[4759,4760],147,1066,{},"Instead of storing the link information in with the documents, it is separated out into a knowledge base. This separation allows link to be generic, that is they are not applicable to only one document, but may be used with a whole class of documents. This greatly reduces the authoring effort required, since a new document can be brought into the system and immediately contain links. The Microcosm philosophy is that hypermedia links in themselves are a valuable store of knowledge. If this knowledge is bound too tightly to the documents, then it cannot be applied to new data. Instead it should be pushed away from the documents, into a world of generic knowledge. Microcosm aims to abstract the annotations, cross-references, and other knowledge and tools, so that when new documents are introduced, they immediately have links and cross references available. It should be possible to read a new paper on for example, microbiology, and merely to have to classify the subject of the paper to have a whole wealth of knowledge linked to the it. If the word amoeba had been linked to a videodisc clip of a moving amoeba, and the link had been specified as generic, then new document containing the word would automatically have the link. With the addition of simple filters, the information contained in the links can be applied to different areas of knowledge, being as generic or specific as wished.",{"_37":482,"_39":4764,"_41":353,"_43":4765,"_67":4766,"_69":4772,"_71":70},"6rRfAyOS",{"_485":486},[4767],{"_37":526,"_450":4768,"_453":4769,"_43":4771,"_71":70},[138],[4770],44,{},"6.1 Authoring effort required—generic links.",{"_33":4774,"_35":4782},[4775],{"_33":4776,"_35":4777},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4778,"_41":353,"_43":4779,"_67":4780,"_69":4781,"_71":70},"tOJKrVQC",{},[],"The separation of link information from documents has the benefit of allowing links to be made from read-only media such as CD-ROMs and remote file servers. This also simplifies links to and from media such as video and sound.",{"_37":482,"_39":4783,"_41":353,"_43":4784,"_67":4785,"_69":4790,"_71":70},"nvYKuqf6",{"_485":486},[4786],{"_37":526,"_450":4787,"_453":4788,"_43":4789,"_71":70},[138],[4305],{},"6.2 Read-only media.",{"_33":4792,"_35":4800},[4793],{"_33":4794,"_35":4795},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4796,"_41":353,"_43":4797,"_67":4798,"_69":4799,"_71":70},"xztLBOJI",{},[],"This is particularly important in a distributed hypertext, where it may be necessary to send out messages to remote machines (and slow to respond peripherals such as videodisc players) and then return control to the user while waiting for the remote responses, presumably while displaying some visual clue that they are still waiting for some response.",{"_37":482,"_39":4801,"_41":353,"_43":4802,"_67":4803,"_69":4808,"_71":70},"3XX1BZDj",{"_485":486},[4804],{"_37":526,"_450":4805,"_453":4806,"_43":4807,"_71":70},[138],[4552],{},"6.3 The possibilities for parallelism.",{"_37":482,"_39":4810,"_41":353,"_43":4811,"_67":4812,"_69":4813,"_71":70},"XEkQ2-d-",{"_485":486},[],"6 Implications",{"_33":4815,"_35":4837},[4816,4823,4830],{"_33":4817,"_35":4818},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4819,"_41":353,"_43":4820,"_67":4821,"_69":4822,"_71":70},"5TrbxzsG",{},[],"The first implementation of Microcosm was prototyped in Actor and then fully implemented in C and MS Windows version 3.0. It runs on IBM PCs (or compatibles) with a 286 processor or above. MS Windows provided us with the basic building blocks for Microcosm, namely the windows and icon interface, tools for creating pull-down menus and dialogue boxes as required, and multi tasking capability. It also provided a convenient message passing system, the Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE), which was used to handle interprocess communication in the Microcosm Document Control System.",{"_33":4824,"_35":4825},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4826,"_41":353,"_43":4827,"_67":4828,"_69":4829,"_71":70},"m7MgBeJ0",{},[],"The task of developing programs for MS Windows using the Software Developers Kit (SDK) can be very time consuming, especially to start with when there is a steep learning curve to be scaled. For this reason we conducted various experiments with the programming language ACTOR [Davis & Heath 1989] which is a single inheritance object oriented programming language similar to Smalltalk, but using MS Windows for its development environment, and producing MS Windows executable programs. While we found development in the ACTOR environment to be much faster, we found that the memory required was too great to allow it to run with other programs, and this prevented us developing the full loosely coupled communication process model in ACTOR. However, we were able to construct a restricted version of the Microcosm system using ACTOR in a relatively short period of time (about 3 weeks of part-time work by one person), and this turned out to be an ideal way of prototyping the user interface of the full system.",{"_33":4831,"_35":4832},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4833,"_41":353,"_43":4834,"_67":4835,"_69":4836,"_71":70},"rrGIx63U",{},[],"The first full implementation of Microcosm in MS Windows was ready for application development in January 1990. Our first application has been in the area of history and in particular in the development of an electronic version of the Mountbatten Archive. This archive is kept and maintained by the Hartley Library at the University of Southampton, and contains approximately 250,000 text documents, 50,000 photographs, 35 reels of cine film, and various audio and video tapes from the collection of the late Lord Mountbatten of Burma. The challenge is to make this archive available to historians in a way that permits explicit and implicit relationships between the different elements of the archive (text, photographs, film etc.) to be stored and analysed. Together with other colleagues at the University we have created a prototype of the electronic archive, taking documents and photographs from the period 1947-8, when Mountbatten was Viceroy of India. Currently, the text documents are stored as ASCII files on the hard-disc and the photographs are stored on a laser videodisc. Images from the latter are displayed in windows on the VGA screen of the computer workstation via a VideoLogic DVA-4000 board. This application provided the content of Figures i, and has allowed us to explore the potential of the various features that are built into Microcosm. A fuller report of this application and our work with the Department of History at Southampton is given in [Colson & Hall 1990].",{"_37":482,"_39":4838,"_41":353,"_43":4839,"_67":4840,"_69":4841,"_71":70},"WrY1b_Vv",{"_485":486},[],"7 Current State of Development",{"_33":4843,"_35":4865},[4844,4851,4858],{"_33":4845,"_35":4846},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4847,"_41":353,"_43":4848,"_67":4849,"_69":4850,"_71":70},"wIT2PWhV",{},[],"Navigation facilities within Microcosm are currently very limited. Users move around the system by following links, initiating database searches and manipulating the windows and icons in which the information appears. This is clearly unsatisfactory for the majority of users especially when the information space is very large (as in the Mountbatten application). An immediate priority is to explore how some of the 'standard' hypertext navigation features, such as contents and index lists, overview maps,and guided tours, can be applied and possibly extended in Microcosm, and if any new navigation tools are suggested by the Microcosm model. One of the main problems inherent in a loosely coupled system such as Microcosm is to let the user know what areas of the screen are active. In most hypertext systems the link anchor is specific, and so some visual clue is displayed to indicate where the anchor is, but in Microcosm, the generality of the linking mechanism makes such clues more difficult to create.",{"_33":4852,"_35":4853},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4854,"_41":353,"_43":4855,"_67":4856,"_69":4857,"_71":70},"n5dndQRb",{},[],"We conducted various experiments using the ACTOR version of Microcosm, and found that so long as a reasonably fast database is used to store the links, it is not unreasonable to search the entire database for links that are specific to the document at load time, and then to search the document file for the positions at which the visual clue should be inserted. However, inserting clues for links with a greater degree of generality is a problem. Clearly it is not reasonable to attempt to match every generic link in the database into the file, if the number of links is very large. Neither is it reasonable, if the file is very large, to attempt to match every possible text string in the file against the database. We found that the most acceptable solution to this problem was to allow the user to select an area of interest, and to select a menu option to match all possible strings in the selection against the database, and to display any matches found.",{"_33":4859,"_35":4860},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4861,"_41":353,"_43":4862,"_67":4863,"_69":4864,"_71":70},"iiHQO5wZ",{},[],"Another problem area in current hypertext systems that we plan to explore in Microcosm is version control and cooperative work. A number of solutions to this problem have been suggested in the hypertext literature [Akscyn 1988, Yankelovich et al 1985, Delise 1987], The next version of Microcosm will have a system of installable filters. It is intended to include a system for version control similar to Intermedia's webs, but which would allow for separate users by allowing a hierarchy of installed filters, so that for example, the main filter might add the links for a particular user.",{"_37":482,"_39":4866,"_41":353,"_43":4867,"_67":4868,"_69":4869,"_71":70},"SducKQrC",{"_485":486},[],"8 Research Directions",{"_33":4871,"_35":4886},[4872,4879],{"_33":4873,"_35":4874},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4875,"_41":353,"_43":4876,"_67":4877,"_69":4878,"_71":70},"_1hpi_4K",{},[],"One of the main barriers to progress in the field of hypertext is the effort required to convert linear text to hypertext. Although vast numbers of pages are available on line, few of them have been converted to hypertext, and even fewer were intentionally authored as such. Users may rapidly come to expect to find very large amounts of information available as hypertexts, so methods of converting linear texts are an area of current research. Most attempts to convert linear documents [Furuta et al. 1989, Rahtz et al. 1989] so far have concentrated on the use of the structure of the document to break the document into appropriately sized nodes, then on using adapted indexing and cross referencing tools to automate link production, in order to produce a framework hypertext, which will usually require further manual cross referencing and linking. Nielsen [1990b] states that links in hypertext systems are \"almost always anchored\" at their departure point. In Microcosm we have move away from this principle: the selection and action mechanism, which provides the generic linking capability within the system, gives us a different, and we believe very powerful, method for assisting the authoring effort. This has already been proven extremely effective in providing hypertext/hypermedia access to a large multimedia archive. A word or phrase has only to be designated a generic link once for this to apply across the whole set of documents in the system and any new documents that are brought into the system. This facility then applies directly to documents stored on read-only media without any extra processing of the documents.",{"_33":4880,"_35":4881},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4882,"_41":353,"_43":4883,"_67":4884,"_69":4885,"_71":70},"5kHIzSG8",{},[],"The main principles of Microcosm's design - its open nature, multi-tasking capabilities, bi-directional process communication and the separation of links into a separate database - have allowed us to create a very powerful and flexible hypermedia system. In Microcosm it is possible to run Guide, say, as a Windows application and thus read Guide documents exactly as they were authored, but at the same time to apply links created within the Microcosm environment to the Guide document using the selection/action mechanism of Microcosm. Links can launch database searches or activate videodisc access, so that if we bring a new document into the system, in whatever format, words or phrases in that document can be linked, for example, to a videodisc database that has been previously created within Microcosm, with no extra authoring effort. These facilities enable the user to fully integrate documents authored in other hypertext/hypermedia systems into their own hypermedia knowledge-base.",{"_37":482,"_39":4887,"_41":353,"_43":4888,"_67":4889,"_69":4890,"_71":70},"7tW-GVfj",{"_485":486},[],"9 Conclusions",{"_33":4892,"_35":4907},[4893,4900],{"_33":4894,"_35":4895},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4896,"_41":353,"_43":4897,"_67":4898,"_69":4899,"_71":70},"u4sJpcjH",{},[],"Representations of photographs from the Mountbatten archive appear by kind permission of Trustees of the Broadlands Archives Trust.",{"_33":4901,"_35":4902},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4903,"_41":353,"_43":4904,"_67":4905,"_69":4906,"_71":70},"XIjtP9JH",{},[],"We are extremely grateful to colleagues in the Department of History HiDES project, the Archives and Manuscripts Department of the Hartley Library, and the Department of Teaching Media for their invaluable support and assistance in the application of Microcosm to the Mountbatten Archive.Thanks are also due to colleagues in the Department of Electronics and Computer Science who contributed so much to the early discussions on the design of Microcosm.",{"_37":482,"_39":4908,"_41":353,"_43":4909,"_67":4910,"_69":2003,"_71":70},"ppbbmkQj",{"_485":486},[],{"_33":4912,"_35":5053},[4913,4920,4927,4934,4941,4948,4955,4962,4969,4976,4983,4990,4997,5004,5011,5018,5025,5032,5039,5046],{"_33":4914,"_35":4915},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4916,"_41":353,"_43":4917,"_67":4918,"_69":4919,"_71":70},"LS6JgZDR",{},[],"[Akscyn 1988] R. Akscyn, D.L. McCracken & E. Yoder, \"KMS: A Distributed Hypertext System for Managing Knowledge in Organizations\", Communcations of the ACM, Vol. 31, No. 7, 1988, pp 820-835.",{"_33":4921,"_35":4922},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4923,"_41":353,"_43":4924,"_67":4925,"_69":4926,"_71":70},"lZvbrDtL",{},[],"[Brown 1986] P.J. Brown, \"Interactive Documentation\", Software Practice and Experience, March 1986, pp 291-299.",{"_33":4928,"_35":4929},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4930,"_41":353,"_43":4931,"_67":4932,"_69":4933,"_71":70},"HgeIuk96",{},[],"[Bush 1945] V. BUSH, \"As We May Think\", Atlantic Monthly, July 1945, pp 101-108.",{"_33":4935,"_35":4936},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4937,"_41":353,"_43":4938,"_67":4939,"_69":4940,"_71":70},"Fh_lGnxZ",{},[],"[Colson & Hall 1990] F. Colson & W. Hall, \"Prologue to Partition: Viceroy Mountabatten and the Handling of the INA Crisis\", to be published in the J. of theAssociationofHistoryandComputing, Autumn1990.",{"_33":4942,"_35":4943},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4944,"_41":353,"_43":4945,"_67":4946,"_69":4947,"_71":70},"6pZh82Vf",{},[],"[Davis & Heath 1989] H. Davis & I. Heath, \"An Evaluation of Actor for Developing Large Windows Applications\", Department of Electronics and Computer Science CSTR 89-5, University of Southampton, 1989.",{"_33":4949,"_35":4950},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4951,"_41":353,"_43":4952,"_67":4953,"_69":4954,"_71":70},"4AWBFAj1",{},[],"[Delisle 1987] N. Delisle & M. Schwartz, \"Contexts - A Partitioning Concept for Hypertext\", J.of the ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, Vol. 5, No. 2, April 1987, pp 168-186.",{"_33":4956,"_35":4957},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4958,"_41":353,"_43":4959,"_67":4960,"_69":4961,"_71":70},"4t1Zoa_P",{},[],"[Englebart 1963] D.C. ENGELBART, \"A Conceptual Framework for the Augmentation of Man's Intellect\", in Vistas in Information Handling, Vol.l, Spartan Books, London, 1963.",{"_33":4963,"_35":4964},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4965,"_41":353,"_43":4966,"_67":4967,"_69":4968,"_71":70},"5yiI4lG1",{},[],"[Furuta et al. 1989] R. Furuta, C. Plaisant, & B. Shneiderman, \"A Spectrum of Automatic Hypertext Constructs\", J. ofHypermedia, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1989, pp 179- 195.",{"_33":4970,"_35":4971},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4972,"_41":353,"_43":4973,"_67":4974,"_69":4975,"_71":70},"MdszdabQ",{},[],"[Halasz 1988] F.G. Halasz, \"Reflections on Notecards: Seven Issues for the Next Generation of Hypermedia Systems\", Communications of the ACM, 31(7), July 1988, pp 836-852.",{"_33":4977,"_35":4978},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4979,"_41":353,"_43":4980,"_67":4981,"_69":4982,"_71":70},"XCgeHLuP",{},[],"[Nelson 1967] T.H. Nelson, \"Getting It Out of Our System\", in Schechter G. (ed.) Information Retrieval: A Critical Review, Thompson Books, Wash. D.C., 1967.",{"_33":4984,"_35":4985},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4986,"_41":353,"_43":4987,"_67":4988,"_69":4989,"_71":70},"pZPB2gw4",{},[],"[Nielsen 1990a] J. NIELSEN, \"The Art of Navigating Through Hypertext\", Communications ofthe ACM, 33(3), March 1990, pp 297-310.",{"_33":4991,"_35":4992},[],{"_37":161,"_39":4993,"_41":353,"_43":4994,"_67":4995,"_69":4996,"_71":70},"evR1RJrJ",{},[],"[Nielsen 1990b] J. NIELSEN, Hypertext and Hypermedia, Academic Press, 1990. [Rahtz 1989a] S. Rahtz, L. Carr & W. Hall, \"New designs for Archaeological",{"_33":4998,"_35":4999},[],{"_37":161,"_39":5000,"_41":353,"_43":5001,"_67":5002,"_69":5003,"_71":70},"gq-ugXJH",{},[],"Reports\", Science and Archaeology, no. 31, 1989, pp 20-34.",{"_33":5005,"_35":5006},[],{"_37":161,"_39":5007,"_41":353,"_43":5008,"_67":5009,"_69":5010,"_71":70},"O5sGpHkx",{},[],"[Rahtz 1989b] S. Rahtz, L. Carr, & W. Hall, \"Creating Multimedia Documents\",",{"_33":5012,"_35":5013},[],{"_37":161,"_39":5014,"_41":353,"_43":5015,"_67":5016,"_69":5017,"_71":70},"v47uPZ-b",{},[],"in Hypertext: the State of the Art (ed. McAleese) Intellect Ltd, 1990.",{"_33":5019,"_35":5020},[],{"_37":161,"_39":5021,"_41":353,"_43":5022,"_67":5023,"_69":5024,"_71":70},"Xmu-awUK",{},[],"[Shneiderman 1987] B. Shneiderman, \"User Interface Design for the Hyperties Electronic Encyclopedia\", Proceedings of the ACM Hypertext'87 Conference, Chapel Hill, NC, November 1987, pp!89-194.",{"_33":5026,"_35":5027},[],{"_37":161,"_39":5028,"_41":353,"_43":5029,"_67":5030,"_69":5031,"_71":70},"bfx5yR_X",{},[],"[Shneiderman et al. 1989] B. SHNEIDERMAN, D. BRETHAUER, C. PLAISANT & R. Potter, \"The Hyperties Electronic Encyclopedia: An Evaluation Based on Three Museum Installations”, J. American Societyfor Information Science, 40 (3), May 1989, ppi72-182.",{"_33":5033,"_35":5034},[],{"_37":161,"_39":5035,"_41":353,"_43":5036,"_67":5037,"_69":5038,"_71":70},"tLo5UMhK",{},[],"[Shneiderman & Kearsley 1989] B. Shneiderman & G. Kearsley, Hypertext Hands On, Addison-Wesley, 1989.",{"_33":5040,"_35":5041},[],{"_37":161,"_39":5042,"_41":353,"_43":5043,"_67":5044,"_69":5045,"_71":70},"k4egv8uy",{},[],"[Yankelovich et al 1985] N. Yankelovich, N. Meyrowitz & A. VAN Dam, \"Reading and Writing the Electronic Book”, IEEE Computer, October 1985.",{"_33":5047,"_35":5048},[],{"_37":161,"_39":5049,"_41":353,"_43":5050,"_67":5051,"_69":5052,"_71":70},"A4WRp0sA",{},[],"[Yankelovich et al 1988] N. Yankelovich, B. Haan, N. Meyrowitz & S. Drucker, \"Intermedia: The Concept and Construction of a Seamless Information Environment\", IEEE Computer, January 1988, pp 81-96.",{"_37":482,"_39":5054,"_41":353,"_43":5055,"_67":5056,"_69":2190,"_71":70},"iFOjUDyH",{"_485":486},[],[55],"/records/microcosm-an-open-model-for-hypermedia-with-dynamic-linking",{"_83":373},{},{"_39":350,"_96":55,"_56":5062,"_72":353,"_98":-5,"_99":-5,"_100":-5,"_101":-5,"_95":6},[57,352],1771826057472,[150,350,353],"[\"ENTITY\",\"hm://z6MkrvYZzMYaCxyjbFWsZicdPCrcVmiXvgeY3i65GERQjjoH/records/microcosm-an-open-model-for-hypermedia-with-dynamic-linking\",\"bafy2bzacedslgk3murmoxfmfgbz43t6hgjml4f4ngzhztmufodoglys4tus46\"]",{"_111":5067,"_148":5125,"_151":5126},{"_113":5068,"_132":133,"_134":5124,"_136":-5,"_137":138,"_139":138,"_140":138,"_141":-5,"_142":-5,"_143":8,"_144":145,"_146":147},{"_37":28,"_28":5069,"_39":5122},{"_30":5070,"_72":379,"_73":55,"_74":5118,"_56":5119,"_77":386,"_79":386,"_81":5120,"_85":5121,"_87":379,"_89":90},[5071,5078,5089,5100],{"_33":5072,"_35":5073},[],{"_37":161,"_39":5074,"_41":379,"_43":5075,"_67":5076,"_69":5077,"_71":70},"5LlAEp9Z",{},[],"Mark S. Miller1, Tom Van Cutsem2, and Bill Tulloh",{"_33":5079,"_35":5080},[],{"_37":161,"_39":5081,"_41":379,"_43":5082,"_67":5083,"_69":5088,"_71":70},"tujwccLO",{},[5084],{"_37":943,"_450":5085,"_453":5086,"_43":5087,"_71":70},[138],[452],{},"Abstract. Contracts enable mutually suspicious parties to cooperate safely through the exchange of rights. Smart contracts are programs whose behavior enforces the terms of the contract. This paper shows how such contracts can be specified elegantly and executed safely, given an appropriate distributed, secure, persistent, and ubiquitous computational fabric. JavaScript provides the ubiquity but must be significantly extended to deal with the other aspects. The first part of this paper is a progress report on our efforts to turn JavaScript into this fabric. To demonstrate the suitability of this design, we describe an escrow exchange contract implemented in 42 lines of JavaScript code.",{"_33":5090,"_35":5091},[],{"_37":161,"_39":5092,"_41":379,"_43":5093,"_67":5094,"_69":5099,"_71":70},"6KUzV1Qy",{},[5095],{"_37":943,"_450":5096,"_453":5097,"_43":5098,"_71":70},[138],[452],{},"Keywords: security, distributed objects, object-capabilities, smart contracts.",{"_33":5101,"_35":5109},[5102],{"_33":5103,"_35":5104},[],{"_37":161,"_39":5105,"_41":379,"_43":5106,"_67":5107,"_69":5108,"_71":70},"NBw2Rxx_",{},[],"The fabric of the global economy is held together by contracts. A contract is an agreed framework for the rearrangement of rights between mutually suspicious parties. But existing contracts are ambiguous, jurisdictions-specific, and written, interpreted, and adjudicated only by expensive experts. Smart contracts are contract-like arrangements expressed in program code, where the behavior of the program enforces the terms of the “contract”[1]. Though not a substitute for legal contracts, they can provide some of the benefits of contracts for fine-grain, jurisdiction-free, and automated arrangements for which legal contracts are impractical. To realize this potential, smart contracts need a distributed, secure, persistent, and ubiquitous computational fabric. To avoid merely substituting one set of expensive experts for another, non-experts should be able to write smart contracts understandable by other non-experts. We1 are working towards turning JavaScript into such a fabric. JavaScript is already understood and used by many non-expert programmers. We call our target JavaScript platform Dr. SES for Distributed Resilient Secure EcmaScript. 2 Dr. SES is not specifically tied to electronic rights (erights) or smart contracts per se. Its focus is to make distributed secure programming in JavaScript as effortless as possible. But much of the design of Dr. SES and its predecessors [2,3,4] was shaped by examining what we need to express smart contracts simply. Taking a rights-based approach to local and distributed computing, we believe, has led us to building a better general purpose platform as well as one naturally suited for expressing new kinds of erights and contracts.",{"_37":161,"_39":5110,"_41":379,"_43":5111,"_67":5112,"_69":5117,"_71":70},"V4liDAZK",{"_485":486},[5113],{"_37":943,"_450":5114,"_453":5115,"_43":5116,"_71":70},[138],[1162],{},"Smart Contracts for the Rest of Us",[55],"/records/distributed-electronic-rights-in-javascript",{"_83":395},{},{"_39":376,"_96":55,"_56":5123,"_72":379,"_98":-5,"_99":-5,"_100":-5,"_101":-5,"_95":6},[57,378],1771826057390,[150,376,379],"[\"ENTITY\",\"hm://z6MkrvYZzMYaCxyjbFWsZicdPCrcVmiXvgeY3i65GERQjjoH/records/distributed-electronic-rights-in-javascript\",\"bafy2bzacedcmcgdvm6gazawxh2s3rd2bx6c3whsllxzrydpttnp5zkzmcsbvk\"]","enableWebSigning","https://delibera.observatoriodemedios.org","origin","homeMetadata",{"_83":5132,"_173":5133,"_174":70,"_176":5128,"_178":70,"_5134":5135},"Observatorio de 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